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It divides the Pacific Ocean into two equal parts. A crossing of the International Date Line entails repeating one day when travelling westwards. It is knwn as Granite City. The speed of sound in gases depends on what? Tube is coated with phosphor which glows when UV hits it. It was discovered by Michael Faraday. Capacitors are important components for making timers.

Its source is always a vibrating material. This makes ice less dense than water which causes ice to float. Astronomers use radio telescope to hear them. The hotter the thing the more IR. They are used to kill cancers. Similarly a trillion has 12 zeroes,a quadrillion 15 zeroes,a quintillion 18 zeroes and a decillion 33 zeroes. We call this energy the voltage of the circuit. Voltage is measured in volts v. He discovered that they voltage across a conductor such as a trip of metal or a wire — and the current following through it always vary in the same proportion.

So if you double the voltage, you double the current. This is incredibly useful; because it lets you predict the current you will get for a particular voltage. The value of V represents the effective voltage. These are colours which cannot be produced by mixing with other colours. Use: as solvents, as aerosol propellants, in refrigeration. It is commonly used in refrigerator.

Astronomers call this distance a light year. He was the first to explain the solar system. It covers about 3. It is about times greater than the sun. He spent days in orbit in the Mir Space Station. A etiology is the study of causes of disease.

Vitamin E is for reproduction. He is from Nigeria. In what year was he born? Alfred’s father was an engineer and inventor.

Where did he die? Alfred Nobel died in San Remo, Italy. Alfred Nobel wanted to award the greatest benefits to mankind. International Committee of the Red Cross.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee. Literature in Dissolved in Its head quarter is in Brussels Belgium. The council has 54 members elected for the term of 3 years. It was established by peter Bomenson in the year of D Roosevelt and British Premier W. Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter on a battle ship. D Roosevelt. Its charter was drawn up from 25th April to 26th June, at San Francisco which was signed by 51 countries. Arab League was established on 22nd March Its head office is at Bangkok.

The story of a Nation is written by G. W Shaw. M Doughty. H Qureshi. Tahir Amir. Rajenra Parsad. The latter was defeated. The former won the battle. Babur won the battle. Akbar won the battle. Ahmed Shah defeated the latter. Day landing during the Second World War on 6th June Farmers grow these crops and plough into soil as fertilizers. This process is called green manuring. It covers an area of 48 acres. Goatherd Rd. It has an area of sq miles. It is estimated that a total number of million ppl speak it.

Each prize carries an amount of one million dollars. The Sahara is the largest desert of the world. It has an area of 1,, sq. Maldives is the smallest Muslim country in land area of sq. Its height is up to 2.

While the humming bird is smallest bird. It is 5. The Lambert Glacier enjoys the distinction of being the largest glacier in the world. It is located in the Australia Antarctic Territory. Its length is miles km and was discovered in Tensing belonged to India and Hillary is a native of New Zealand. It grows up to 3 feet in 24 hours. It is located in New Your United State. Perry an American explorer reached North Pole on 6th April, for the first time in human history.

While the shortest continuous war was between UK and Zanzibar, which lasted from 90 am to am on 27th august India was at the top with , secondary schools in Everest Himalaya. Basin is a low land area. He became the first person to walk across the Antarctic continent alone and unsupported. He proved that the shape of the earth is round. Ian Wilmut is credited with first cloned sheep. It joins Red Sea with Mediterranean Sea. The plan of the Suez Canal was conceived by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

New York. Barney B. Eckert and J. S Lenormand in Eastman in He belonged to France. J Priestly in C Urey in J Thomson in Shockley discovered transistor. J Thomson discovered electron, negative charges.

Niepce”France in Archimedes—Discovery of the Principles of lever and of specific gravity; invention of the famous Archimedean screw. Baron Napier—Logarithms. Benjamin Franklin—Invented lightning conductor. Bessemer—Steel smelting process. Bhabha, Dr H. Binet—Intelligence Test. Birbal Sahni—Researches in Botany. Bose, J. He discovered that plants have sense and perception. Bose, S. Boyle was the greatest scientist of England in his time. Bohr—Electron Theory—Atomic structure.

Braun, Dr Wernher von—space flying. Bunsen—Invention of the spectroscope. Carothers—Nylon plastics. Chadwick—Discovery of the neutron. Chandrasekhar—Mathematical Astrophysics. Clarke, Arthur C. Curie, Madame—Discovery of radium. Dalton—Atomic theory; laws of chemical combination; law of partial pressures; the law of multiple proportions.

Democritus—Greek philosopher— Atomic theory. Dewar—Invented cordite, liquid oxygen and introduced thermos flask. Einstein—Theory of relativity. Euclid—Science of geometry. Fermi—Discovered artificial splitting of atoms. Freud—Doctrine of Psycho-analysis. Gay Lussac—Law of gases. Gauss—System of absolute electric measurements. Good Year—Discovered the art of vulcanising rubber.

Herschel, William—Discovered the Planet—Uranus. Hertz—Electrical waves. Hippalus—Founder of scientific astronomy. Hoffmann—Discovered the first aniline dye. Kelvin, Lord—Dynamical theory of heat. Khorana, Dr Hargobind—Deciphering the genetic code. Kodak—Film and photographic goods. Lablanc—Manufacture of washing soda. Lawrence—Invention of cyclotron. Lockyer—Helium gas. Louis Braille—Perfected his system of reading and writing for the blind.

Marconi—Wireless telegraphy; radio. Maxwell—Electro-magnetic Theory of Light. Meghnad Saha—Effect of pressure on Radiation through bodies. Mendel—Laws of heredity. Mandeleev—Periodic Table. Morse—Morse system of electric telegraphy. Newton—Laws of gravitation; Law of Motion.

Oliver Lodge—Physicist. Researches in wireless communications. Oppenheimer—Researches in atomic theory. Otto Hahn—Discovery of uranium fission. Parsons—Steam turbine. Pavlov—Theory of Conditioned Reflex. Pitman—Founded the Pitman system of phonographic shorthand.

Planck—Quantum theory. Plimsoll—Introduced a line of demarcation on the ships beyond which the ships cannot be loaded.

Priestley—Discovery of Oxygen. Raman, C. Ramanathan—Molecular scattering of light in fluids. Ramanujam—A great Indian mathematician.

Ray, P. Regnault—Experiments in regard to the physical properties of bodies and their relation to heat. Roger Bacon—Gun powder. Rontgen—Discovery of X-rays. Rohmkorff—Induction coil. Rutherford—Atomic Research; succeeded in splitting the atom for the first time in Stephenson—British engineer and pioneer in Railways. He was the first to put a locomotive on the line that was able to draw a train of 31 carriages. Thomson, J. Travers—Discovery of Neon gas Working with Ramsay.

Urey—Discovery of Heavy Hydrogen. Volta—Current electricity and electric battery. Bell, Graham—Telephone. Caxton—Printing Press. Daimler—Gas engine. Diesel—Internal Combustion engine Diesel engine. Dunlop—Pneumatic tyre. Edison—First electric bulb and gramophone.

Frank Whittle—Jet propulsion. Fulton—Stream boat. Gillette—Safety razor. Guttenburg—Art of Printing. Hoe—Rotary Printing Press. Howe—Sewing Machine. Huygens—Pendulum clock. James Watt—Steam engine patented in Landstrom, J. Macmillan—Bicycle Mauser—Magazine of rifle. Mercator—Celestial and a terrestrial globe. Montgolfier—Balloon Pascal—Calculating Machine. Puckle, James—Machine gun Shockley—Transistor.

Swinton—Military tank. Watt, Robert Watson—Radar. Wright Wright Brothers —Aeroplane Waterman—Fountain pen. Zeiss—Lenses; Camera. Barnard, Christian—Replacing the human heart. Brahmchari, U. Davy—Isolation of metals by electricity; studied properties of chlorine. Domagk—Sulpha drugs as bactericides.

Eijkman—Cause of Beri-Beri. Finsen—Discovered curative effect of ultra violet rays; photography. Fleming, Alexander—Penicillin in Harvey—Circulation of blood. Hahnemann—Homoeopathy founder. Hopkins, Frederick Gowland—Vitamin D. Jenner—Smallpox Vaccination. Koch—Tubercle Bacillus. Lister, Lord—Antiseptic treatment. Pasteur, Louis—Treatment of rabies; cure of hydrophobia. Ronald Ross—Malaria Parasite. Salk, Jonas E. Simpson and Harrison—Chloroform.

Or Hypsometer is an instrument for measuring the height above sea level. Altimeter: an apparatus used in aircraft for measuring altitudes. Ammeter: is used for to measure intensity of sound. Anemometer: is an instrument for measuring the force and velocity of wind. Audiometer: an instrument to measure intensity of sound. Audiophone: is an instrument required for improving imperfect sense of hearing. Barograph: for continuous recording of atmospheric pressure.

Barometer: is an apparatus used for measuring the atmospheric pressure. Binoculars: is an instrument used for seeing distant objects, the rays of light are twice reflected by means of right-angled prisms. Callipers: a compass with legs for measuring the inside or outside diameter of bodies. Calorimeter: an instrument used for measuring quantities of heat. Cardiogram: a medical instrument used for tracing the movements of the heart.

Cardiograph: is a medical instrument for tracing heart movements. Chronometer: is an instrument kept on board the ships for measuring accurate time. Cinematograph: It consists of a series of lenses arranged to throw on a screen an enlarged image of photographs. The lens system which forms the image on the screen is termed the focusing lens. Commutator: split ring which forms the main part of a D. Compass needle: for knowing approximately the North-South direction at a place. Crescograph: is an instrument for use in recording growth of plants; invented by J.

This particular angle is know as the dip of that place. Dynamo: The origin of electricity in a Dynamo is the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy. It depends on the principle of electro-magnetic induction whereby a current is produced on traversing a magnetic field. Electroencephalograph EEG : It is the technique of recording and interpreting the electrical activity of the brain. EEG is the common abbreviation for both the technique and the records.

Epidiascope: for projecting films as well as images of opaque articles on a screen. Eudiometer: It is a glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reactions between gases. Fathometer: is an instrument used for measuring depth of the ocean. Galvanometer: an instrument for measuring currents of small magnitude. Counter Geiger Muller Counter : This special device is used for detecting the presence of radiation and counting certain atomic particles. Gramophone: an instrument with which we can reproduce the sound recorded by a suitable recording apparatus.

It is fitted with a special type of apparatus known as sound box invented by Berliner. Gravimeter: is an instrument for recording measurement under water and to determine the presence of oil deposits under water. Gyroscope: is an instrument used to illustrate dynamics of rotating bodies. It is a type of spinning wheel fixed to the axle. Hydrometer: is an instrument used for measuring the specific gravity of liquids.

Hydrophone: is an instrument used for recording sound under water. Kymograph: is an instrument used to record graphically various physiological movements i. Lactometer: is an apparatus used for measuring the purity of milk. Manometer: for determining the pressure of a gas. The needle always points north-south. Micrometer: is an instrument used for converting sound i. Microphone: is an instrument used for converting sound waves into electrical vibrations. Microscope: is an instrument which is used for magnifying minute objects by a lens system.

Microtome: is used for cutting an object into thin parts for microscopic inspection. Odometer: is an instrument by virtue of which the distance covered by wheeled vehicles is recorded. Periscope: It is usually used by the crew of a submarine to survey the ships etc, on the surface of the sea while the submarine is under water. It also enables the sailors to observe objects on the other side of an obstacle without exposing themselves. Phonograph: is an instrument used for reproducing sound.

Photometer: is an apparatus used to compare the illuminating power of two sources of light. Pipette: It is a glass tube with the aid of which a definite volume of liquid may be transferred. Potentiometer: is used for comparing the e. It is also used for measuring low resistances. Psychrometer: is an instrument for measurement of the humidity of the atmosphere.

Pyrometer: is an instrument for recording high temperatures from a great distance i. Radar: Radio, Angle, Detection And Range is used to detect the direction and range of an approaching aeroplane by means of radio microwaves. Rain Gauge: is an apparatus for recording of rainfall at a particular place. Radiometer: is an instrument for measuring the emission of radiant energy.

Refractometer: is an instrument to measure refractive indices. Saccharimeter: is an instrument for determining the amount of sugar in a solution. It is used in breweries. Seismometer or Seismograph: is an instrument used for recording earthquake shocks. Sextant: is an instrument invented by John Hadley used for measuring the altitude of the sun and of other inaccessible heavenly bodies. Speedometer: is an instrument which indicates speed at which a vehicle is moving.

Spherometer: is an instrument for measuring curvature of surfaces. Sphygmomanometer: an instrument used for measuring arterial blood-pressure. Sphygmophone: an instrument, with the help of which a pulse beat makes a sound. Sphygmoscope: an instrument, by virtue of which, arterial pulsations become visible. Stereoscope: It is a special type of binocular, through which a double photograph snapped from two different angles by a two-lensed camera is viewed in solid relief.

Stethoscope: is an instrument to hear and analyse movements of heart and lungs. Stop watch: for recording small intervals of time in the laboratory, in races and other events. Stroboscope: is an instrument for viewing objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest. Tachometer: is an instrument for determining speeds of aeroplanes and motor boats. Telephone: a device by virtue of which two persons at two different places can communicate.

It consists of two main parts i a microphone and ii a receiver. Teleprinter: an instrument which prints automatically messages sent from one place to another, on telegraph lines. Telescope: is an apparatus used for observing distant objects. Theodolite: is an instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

Thermocouple: an instrument based on thermo-electricity used for measuring temperatures. Thermometer: is an apparatus used for measuring temperature. Thermostat: It is an instrument used to regulate the temperature to a particular degree.

Viscometer: is an instrument to measure viscosity. Basic G. Presper Eckert. Pakistan took part in in London. From they were held every four years. C stands for Very large crude carrier. It helps rural development by providing re- finance facility.

Foreign Minister of Bangladesh is Dipu Moni. The Bofors case led to Congress defeat in Lok Sabha polls. Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian businessman, took bribes to sale Bofors howitzers to India in Mao movement is connected with Naxalites.

Black Widow is a rebellious gang in Assam. Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel belongs to conservative party. OECD has 30 members and does ot include China.

President of Mongolia is Tsakhiagin Elbegdorj. Director General of Int. Atomic Energy Agency is Mohammad Alberadi. Dal Lake is in occupied Kashmir. President of France is Nicolas Sarkozy. Mother Tressa belonged to Albania and came to India in She died on Sep:5, and is burried at Kolkata.

Sachin Tendulkar completed runs in ODIs. President of Russia is Dimitri Medwedev. PM is Viladamir Putin. World Bank president is Robert Zoellic. Garden of Five Senses is in Delhi. Obama is US’s 44th President. Danny Boyle is the director of Slum Dog Millionaire. President of Chechnia is Ramzan A. Ahmadinejad defeated Mir Hussain Moussavi in his re-election. Honduran President Manuel Zelaya was ousted in a military coup. He was deported to Costa Rica. Brazil beats US in Confederation Cup.

Baitullah Mehsud killed on Aug: 5, Serena Williams and Roger Federer are Wimbeldon winners this year. President of North Korea is Kim Jong-il. Jacob Zuma won elections in South Africa. Abdullah Abdullah contested elections against Hamid Karzai. Chinese President is Hu Jintao. Mother-in-Law of Obama is Marian Robinson. President of Bangladesh is Zillur Rahman. Michael Jackson died on 25th June, at the age of Titanic Museum opened in UK on 31st March, Michael Sleiman has taken over as the President of Lebanon.

China celebrated its 60th Aniversary on 1st Oct: India will hold the Common Wealth Games in Michelle Obaman is the wife of Barack Obama. CIA director is Leon Panetta. Qamar-uz-Zaman Qaira made governer on 15th Sep: The World Athletics Championship was held in Berlin in Operation Rah-e-Rast began in Sawat in May President of Palestine is Mehmood Abbas.

RAW chief is K. C Verma. Prime Minister of Australia is Kavin Rid. Next Olympics will be held in London in Next Hockey World Cup will be held in India in NRO was promulgated on oct 5 and has 7 sections. Baluchistan Package was announced in joint Sitting of Parliment on 24th November. When kerry lugar bill was passed? Thursday, Sept 24, Luger Bill will provide Pakistan an aid of Timeline of withdrawal of forces from Iraq by Obama A book of “A way of hope and extremism It was called the Kitty Hawk.

Venus does not have a moon but it does have clouds of sulfuric acid! Its average height above sea level is meters. The Persian Gulf is the warmest sea. In the summer its temperature reaches Gasohol is a fuel made from sugar cane. Zanzibar surrendered after 38 minutes. Switzerland is the only country with a square flag.

Venus and Uranus are the only planets that rotate opposite to the direction of their orbit. Tower, Toronto, Canada. Peter, Vatican City, Rome. The largest strait in the world is Tartar Strait.. Mothballs Extra knowledge 1. During his life he predicted that he would die when it could be seen. US Dollar bills are made out of cotton and linen.

The 57 on the Heinz ketchup bottle represents the number of pickle types the company once had. Giraffes and rats can last longer without water than camels. The Declaration of Independence was written on hemp marijuana paper.

A raisin dropped in a glass of fresh champagne will bounce up and down continuously from the bottom of the glass to the top. Benjamin Franklin was the fifth in a series of the youngest son of the youngest son. Triskaidekaphobia means fear of the number In Italy, 17 is considered an unlucky number. In Japan, 4 is considered an unlucky number. A female ferret will die if it goes into heat and cannot find a mate. All the chemicals in a human body combined are worth about 6.

In ancient Rome, when a man testified in court he would swear on his testicles. Coca-Cola contained Coca whose active ingredient is cocaine from to Every person, including identical twins, has a unique eye and tongue print along with their finger print.

He was an albino. On average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents every day. Warren Beatty and Shirley McLaine are brother and sister. Chocolate can kill dogs; it directly affects their heart and nervous system.

Daniel Boone hated coonskin caps. If captured, they could be soaked in water and unfolded to reveal a map for escape. Most lipstick contains fish scales. Slugs have four noses. Ketchup was sold in the s as medicine. India has a Bill of Rights for cows. If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib.

If you try to suppress a sneeze, you can rupture a blood vessel in your head or neck and die. If you keep your eyes open by force, they can pop out. During the California gold rush of , miners sent their laundry to Honolulu for washing and pressing.

Due to the extremely high costs in California during these boom years, it was deemed more feasible to send their shirts to Hawaii for servicing.

There are ,,, possible combinations of the first four moves in Chess. There are no clocks in Las Vegas gambling casinos. Coconuts kill about people each year. Half of all bank robberies take place on a Friday.

The name Wendy was made up for the book Peter Pan. There was never a recorded Wendy before it. The international telephone dialing code for Antarctica is The average raindrop falls at 7 miles per hour. He never signed or dated the painting. Leonardo and Mona had identical bone structures according to the painting.

X-ray images have shown that there are 3 other versions under the original. If you put a drop of liquor on a scorpion, it will instantly go mad and sting itself to death. Bruce Lee was so fast that they had to slow the film down so you could see his moves.

The original name for butterfly was flutterby. One in fourteen women in America is a natural blonde. Only one in sixteen men is. The Olympic was the sister ship of the Titanic, and she provided twenty-five years of service. When the Titanic sank, people were on it.

Only survived. The first product Motorola started to develop was a record player for automobiles. At that time, the most known player on the market was Victrola, which Motorola got their name from. In the US, about million adults are overweight or obese; worldwide, million are overweight and million more are obese. By raising your legs slowly and lying on your back, you cannot sink into quicksand. One in ten people live on an island. It takes more calories to eat a piece of celery than the celery has in it to begin with.

Charlie Chaplin once won third prize in a Charlie Chaplin look-alike contest. Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you from crying. An old law in Bellingham, Washington, made it illegal for a woman to take more than 3 steps backwards while dancing.

Sharon Stone was the first Star Search spokes model. The sound you here when you put a seashell next to your ear is not the ocean, but blood flowing through your head. More people are afraid of open spaces kenophobia than of tight spaces claustrophobia.

The glue on Israeli postage is certified kosher. There is a 1 in 4 chance that New York will have a white Christmas. The Guinness Book of Records holds the record for being the book most often stolen from Public Libraries.

Thirty-five percent of the people who use personal ads for dating are already married. Every US president has worn glasses just not always in public. Bats always turn left when exiting a cave. The Michelin man is known as Mr. A snail can sleep for 3 years. China has more English speakers than the United States. Finnish folklore says that when Santa comes to Finland to deliver gifts, he leaves his sleigh behind and rides on a goat named Ukko instead.

One in every people is an albino. The electric chair was invented by a dentist. You share your birthday with at least 9 million other people in the world. Everyday, more money is printed for Monopoly sets than for the U. Every year 4 people in the UK die putting their trousers on.

Cats have over one hundred vocal sounds; dogs only have about ten. Our eyes are always the same size from birth but our nose and ears never stop growing. If Barbie were life-size her measurements would be Rats multiply so quickly that in 18 months, two rats could have over million descendants.

Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacteria in your ear by times. Each year in America there are about , deaths that can be attributed to obesity. About movies are made in the US and in India annually. Arabic numerals are not really Arabic; they were created in India. The February of is the only month in recorded history not to have a full moon. The Pentagon in Arlington Virginia has twice as many bathrooms as is necessary. When it was built in the s the state of Virginia still had segregation laws requiring separate toilet facilities for blacks and whites.

There is actually no danger in swimming right after you eat, though it may feel uncomfortable. The cruise liner Queen Elizabeth II moves only six inches for each gallon of diesel that it burns. A shark is the only fish that can blink with both eyes. There are about 2 chickens for every human in the world. Eventually any unbranded calf became known as a Maverick. On a Canadian two-dollar bill, the American flag is flying over the Parliament Building.

No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, or purple. Almonds are members of the peach family.

There are approximately million acts of sexual intercourse each day. Winston Churchill was born in a ladies room during a dance. Maine is the only state whose name is just one syllable. Americans on average eat 18 acres of pizza every day. You are more likely to be killed by a champagne cork than by a poisonous spider.

Hedenophobic means fear of pleasure. Ancient Egyptian priests would pluck every hair from their bodies. A crocodile cannot stick its tongue out. Half of all crimes are committed by people under the age of An ant always falls over on its right side when intoxicated. All polar bears are left-handed. The catfish has over taste buds more than any other animal A cockroach will live nine days without its head before it starves to death.

Butterflies taste with their feet. Elephants are the only mammals that cannot jump. Starfish have no brains. John Hancock and Charles Thomson were the only people to sign the Declaration of independence on July 4th, The last signature came five years later. Rubber bands last longer when refrigerated. Peanuts are one of the ingredients of dynamite. The national anthem of Greece has verses. There are ways to make change for a dollar. A healthy non-colorblind human eye can distinguish between shades of gray.

A pregnant goldfish is called a twit. Lizards can self-amputate their tails for protection. It grows back after a few months. It can be abbreviated to 3. A cat has 32 muscles in each ear. A honeybee can fly at fifteen miles per hour. Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur. The average child recognizes over company logos by the time he enters first grade. The youngest pope ever was 11 years old.

Additionally, regulatory frameworks applicable to the management of wastes produced during this type of works will be discussed. The scope of research concerning physicochemical parameters for this type of wastes will also be presented. The presented results were obtained during M4ShaleGas project realization. The M4ShaleGas project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon research and innovation programme under grant agreement no.

For permissions, please e-mail: journals. Rejoinder: Certainty, Doubt , and the Reduction of Uncertainty. Postmodern arguments about doubt , certainty, and objectivity are both old and unsound. All philosophical relativity, or postmodernism by whatever name it is known, denies the possibility of objective truth.

Postmodernists’ arguments for reducing uncertainty or approximating truth are apparently nonexistent, and their method of reducing uncertainty…. Radioactive Waste Management in A Hospital. Most of the tertiary care hospitals use radioisotopes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Safe disposal of the radioactive waste is a vital component of the overall management of the hospital waste. An important objective in radioactive waste management is to ensure that the radiation exposure to an individual Public, Radiation worker, Patient and the environment does not exceed the prescribed safe limits.

Disposal of Radioactive waste in public domain is undertaken in accordance with the Atomic Energy Safe disposal of radioactive waste rules of promulgated by the Indian Central Government Atomic Energy Act Any prospective plan of a hospital that intends using radioisotopes for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures needs to have sufficient infrastructural and manpower resources to keep its ambient radiation levels within specified safe limits.

Regular monitoring of hospital area and radiation workers is mandatory to assess the quality of radiation safety. Records should be maintained to identify the quality and quantity of radioactive waste generated and the mode of its disposal. Radiation Safety officer plays a key role in the waste disposal operations. Radioactive waste management in a hospital.

Delay, doubt , and decision: how delaying a choice reduces the appeal of descriptively normative options. To help explain a regularity in democratic elections, we examined whether choosing to delay making a choice between a focal option and an alternative tends to make people subsequently less likely to choose what they would otherwise have chosen. The results of two experiments demonstrated that participants who were induced to delay making a decision were indeed less likely to choose the descriptively normative option.

An additional experiment that primed a sense of doubt in participants provided support for a self-perception account of this result. Electing to delay making a choice is interpreted as an indication of doubt–doubt that tends to be attributed to the most prominent option.

Delay-induced doubt about the normative option makes it less likely to be selected. Parents with doubts about vaccines: which vaccines and reasons why. The goals were 1 to obtain national estimates of the proportions of parents with indicators of vaccine doubt , 2 to identify factors associated with those parents, compared with parents reporting no vaccine doubt indicators, 3 to identify the specific vaccines that prompted doubt and the reasons why, and 4 to describe the main reasons parents changed their minds about delaying or refusing a vaccine for their child.

Data were from the National Immunization Survey Groups included parents who ever got a vaccination for their child although they were not sure it was the best thing to do “unsure” , delayed a vaccination for their child “delayed” , or decided not to have their child get a vaccination “refused”. A total of interviews were completed. Response rates were In separate analyses for each outcome measure, vaccine safety concern was a predictor for unsure, refused, and delayed parents.

The largest proportions of unsure and refused parents chose varicella vaccine as the vaccine prompting their concern, whereas delayed parents most often reported “not a specific vaccine” as the vaccine prompting their concern. Most parents who delayed vaccines for their child did so for reasons related to their child’s illness, unlike the unsure and refused parents. The largest proportion of parents who changed their minds about delaying or not getting a vaccination for their child listed “information or assurances from health care provider” as the main reason.

Parents who exhibit doubts about immunizations are not all the same. This research suggests encouraging children’s health care providers to solicit questions about vaccines, to establish a trusting relationship, and to provide appropriate educational materials to parents. Teaching students to doubt , that is, to “test,” theological arguments as one might test any other kind of knowledge is challenging in that the warrant for such testing is not immediately clear. Stephen Toulmin, Richard Rieke, and Allan Janik’s model of reasoning provides a conceptual framework that demonstrates the logical relationships between a….

Safe transport of radioactive materials in Egypt. They are continuously updated to meet the increased knowledge and the gained experience. The transported activities and empty containers, the number of vessels carrying RAM through the canal from to and their nationalities are also discussed. The protective measures are mentioned. A review of the present situation of the radioactive wastes storage facilities at the Atomic Energy site at Inshas is given along with the regulation for safe transportation and disposal of radioactive wastes.

Strategies for safe injections. In , faced with growing international concern, WHO set out an approach for achieving injection safety that encompassed all elements from patients’ expectations and doctors’ prescribing habits to waste disposal.

This article follows that lead and describes the implications of the approach for two injection technologies: sterilizable and disposable. It argues that focusing on any single technology diverts attention from the more fundamental need for health services to develop their own comprehensive strategies for safe injections.

National health authorities will only be able to ensure that injections are administered safely if they take an approach that encompasses the whole system, and choose injection technologies that fit their circumstances. To evaluate the part that nascent skeptical doubt plays in shaping adolescent social-cognitive development, 61 high school students clearly classified as in concrete or formal operational stages of cognitive development completed a measure of epistemic stances.

A relationship was found between cognitive and epistemic development. Margaret Somerville has suggested that a new methodology of postmodern emergence might allow researchers to disrupt the taken-for-granted and provide fresh insight into familiar problems. One such familiar problem is the doubt and disillusion many early-career teachers experience, both during their teacher education and in their first years.

Can shale safely host US nuclear waste? Shales and other argillaceous formations mudrocks, clays, and similar clay-rich media have been absent from the U. Psychoemotional features of a doubtful disorder: functional dyspepsia. A triple questionnaire of items including psychological and medical ones was given to respondents, the results were analyzed by means of Cronbach alpha, and Chi square test, together with an ad-hoc designed method that implied ranking and outliers detecting.

FDLS appears to be an accompanying feature of many if not most human emotions and are more frequent in anxious, timid, pessimistic, discontent, irascible, tense, success- doubting , unexpected-dreading individuals, bothered by persistent thoughts and tormented by the professional requirements and the lack of time.

A higher degree of specificity might have: chiefly fear of failure, susceptibility, and tension, secondarily emotivity, fear of unpredictable events, sense of insufficient time, preoccupation with authority factors, and tendency to endure unacceptable situations, and also faulty patience and lack of punctuality. Rumination appears to be the psychological tendency most strongly associated with FD. Nocturnal epigastric pain seems to indicate a submissive nature but a rather responsibilities-free childhood, while early satiety is associated with inclination to work and responsibility and preoccupation with self-image.

The superposition of FD symptoms with biliary and esophageal symptoms cast a doubt over the distinctness and even the materiality of the various functional digestive disorders. Legalization of abortion doubtful in Italy. A proposal to legalize abortion has been presented to the Italian parliament by Representative Loris Fortuna.

Thus far, the bill has the whole-hearted support of only the Radical Party. The Vatican has already voiced its strong opposition to this legislation. Professor Emanuele Lauricella, secretary of the Italian Obstetrics and Gynecology Society, on the other hand, claimed that abortion should be permitted, not only when an immediate danger to the mother’s life exists, but also when there are other, simpler health risks. The passage of the bill in the near future, however, is very doubtful. Infectious Waste in Camp.

As a result of new federal regulations, camps are revising procedures for waste disposal from their health centers. Discusses the importance of properly handling infectious material and developing written policies; determining how infectious waste can be incorporated safely into the general waste stream; and arranging for disposal. Federal Register , , , , A novel colorimetric assay for gabapentin in bulk drug and capsules has been developed via a safety-and-sustainability concerning concept.

The method relied on the reaction of primary amino group of drug with non-toxic and eco-friendly genipin in totally aqueous medium to form the blue product which was subsequently measured by visible spectrophotometry at nm. Under the optimized conditions, Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.

It was accurate, precise and insensitive to the interferences from all related compounds specified in the United States Pharmacopeia as well as commonly used excipients.

Furthermore, it gave the assay results in agreement with the pharmacopeial chromatographic method. Owing to the environmental concern and responsibility, a fast and facile method was also proposed for the treatment of waste generated from the assay based on the decoloration by using gypsum as a cheap and commonly available adsorbent.

Therefore, this work not only reports for the first time the application of naturally derived genipin to drug analysis, but also presents a new and contemporary paradigm that illustrates the fully benign-by-design development of the analytical methodologies in the era of Green Chemistry, starting from the safe source of reagents toward the safe sink when waste is released into the environment. Hazardous Wastes from Homes. The management of waste materials has become more complex with the increase in human population and the development of new substances.

This illustrated booklet traces the history of waste management and provides guidelines for individuals and communities in disposing of certain hazardous wastes safely. It addresses such topics as: 1 how people…. Researchers have been demonstrating interest in doubts regarding religious faith for thirty years. The current study goal was examining differences between three groups of religious male adolescents in Israel, regarding faith identity, doubts in religious faith past and present , religious behavior, and the connection between them.

Donald Campbell’s doubt : cultural difference or failure of communication? The objection, rightfully noted but then dismissed by Henrich et al. It parallels Donald Campbell’s concern that many cultural differences reported by psychologists “come from failures of communication misreported as differences. Is it safe to use local anesthesia with adrenaline in hand surgery? In the past it was taught that local anesthetic should not be used with adrenaline for procedures in the extremities.

This dogma is transmitted from generation to generation. Its truth has not been questioned, nor the source of the doubt. In many situations the benefit of use was not understood, because it was often thought that it was not necessary to prolong the anesthetic effect, since the procedures were mostly of short duration. After the disclosure of studies of Canadian surgeons, came to understand that the benefits went beyond the time of anesthesia.

The WALANT technique allows a surgical field without bleeding, possibility of information exchange with the patient during the procedure, reduction of waste material, reduction of costs, and improvement of safety. Thus, after passing through the initial phase of the doubts in the use of this technique, the authors verified its benefits and the patients’ satisfaction in being able to immediately return home after the procedures.

Purpose: This paper proposes a benefit of the doubt BoD approach to construct and analyse teacher effectiveness scores i.

SET scores. Disposal of medical waste : a legal perspective. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa provides that everyone has the right to an environment that is not harmful to their health and well-being.

The illegal dumping of hazardous waste poses a danger to the environment when pollutants migrate into water sources and ultimately cause widespread infection or toxicity, endangering the health of humans who might become exposed to infection and toxins. To give effect to the Constitution, the safe disposal of hazardous waste is governed by legislation in South Africa.

Reports of the illegal disposal of waste suggest a general lack of awareness and training in regard to the safe disposal of medical waste. Children may be biased towards accepting information as true, but the fact remains that children are exposed to misinformation from many sources, and mastering the intricacies of doubt is necessary. Particular emphasis is placed on what this research indicates about how children are reasoning about when to trust and when to doubt.

This research examines how individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder construe their experiences of being labeled with a contested diagnosis. Semistructured interviews were conducted in the United Kingdom with 5 women and 2 men diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder. A framework analysis was conducted. The analysis identified 2 overarching themes: diagnosis cross-examined and navigating care systems. The diagnosis appeared to be continually assessed by participants for its fit with symptoms, and the doubt among professionals seemed to be unhelpfully reflected in participants’ attempts to understand and come to terms with their experiences.

The findings are considered in light of labeling theory, the iatrogenic effects of professional doubt , and current debates concerning the reliability and validity of psychiatric diagnostic systems that have been reinvigorated by the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. This article grapples with my endeavour to guide teacher education students to think critically about environmental issues and action.

While students repeatedly claim my efforts helped them to think critically, my interviews with them about environmental issues and practices cause me to doubt their claims of burgeoning critical engagement. Process for treating fission waste. A method is described for the treatment of fission waste. A glass forming agent, a metal oxide, and a reducing agent are mixed with the fission waste and the mixture is heated.

After melting, the mixture separates into a glass phase and a metal phase. The glass phase may be used to safely store the fission waste , while the metal phase contains noble metals recovered from the fission waste.

Wastes and by-products – alternatives for agricultural use. In some instances, conversion of safe , value-added agricultural products in the best or only practical alternative. The fact of uncertainty, the uncertainty of facts and the cultural resonance of doubt. Sixty years after industry executives first decided to fight the facts of tobacco, the exploitation of doubt and uncertainty as a defensive tactic has spread to a diverse set of industries and issues with an interest in challenging scientific evidence.

However, one can find examples of doubt -mongering before tobacco. One involves the early history of electricity generation in the USA. In the s, the American National Electric Light Association ran a major propaganda campaign against public sector electricity generation, focused on the insistence that privately generated electricity was cheaper and that public power generation was socialistic and therefore un-American.

This campaign included advertisements, editorials generally ghost-written , the rewriting of textbooks and the development of high school and college curricula designed to cast doubt on the cost-effectiveness of public electricity generation and extol the virtues of laissez-faire capitalism.

It worked in large part by finding, cultivating and paying experts to endorse the industry’s claims in the mass media and the public debate, and to legitimatize the alterations to textbooks and curricula. The similarities between the electric industry strategy and the defence of tobacco, lead paint and fossil fuels suggests that these strategies work for reasons that are not specific to the particular technical claims under consideration. This paper argues that a reason for the cultural persistence of doubt is what we may label the ‘fact of uncertainty’.

Uncertainty is intrinsic to science, and this creates vulnerabilities that interested parties may, and commonly do, exploit, both by attempting to challenge the specific conclusions of technical experts and by implying that those conclusions threaten other social values. Waste Controls at Base Metal Mines. Mining and milling of copper, lead, zinc and nickel in Canada involves an accumulation of a half-million tons of waste material each day and requires million gallons of process water daily.

Waste management considerations for handling large volumes of wastes in an economically and environmentally safe manner are discussed. Suitability of Palestine salt dome, Anderson Co. The suitability of Palestine salt dome, in Anderson County, Texas, is in serious doubt for a repository to isolate high-level nuclear waste because of abandoned salt brining operations.

The random geographic and spatial occurrence of 15 collapse sinks over the dome may prevent safe construction of the necessary surface installations for a repository. The dissolution of salt between the caprock and dome, from at least 15 brine wells up to feet deep, may permit increased rates of salt dissolution long into future geologic time. The subsurface dissolution is occurring at a rate difficult, if not impossible, to assess ormore » to calculate. It cannot be shown that this dissolution rate is insignificant to the integrity of a future repository or to ancillary features.

The most recent significant collapse was 36 feet in diameter and took place in The other collapses ranged from 27 to feet in diameter and from 1. ONWI recommends that this dome be removed from consideration as a candidate site. Extensive cleaning or checking of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD are often interpreted as strategies to avoid harm and as an expression of the widespread belief that OCD patients are more risk-averse.

However, despite its clinical significance, the neural basis of risk attitude in OCD is unknown. Here, we investigated neural activity during risk processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging and simultaneously assessed risk attitude using a separate behavioral paradigm in OCD patients with different symptoms versus healthy controls HCs.

We found opposite insula responses to high versus low risk in OCD patients compared to HCs: a positive correlation between insula activity and risk-aversion in patients versus a negative correlation in controls. Taken together, OCD patients show a reversed pattern of risk processing by the insula compared to HCs.

Moreover, the data suggest that increased activation of the insula signals an abnormal urge to avoid risks in the subpopulation of OCD patients with doubt and checking symptoms.

These results indicate a role for the insula in excessive risk-avoidance relevant to OCD. A neuropsychological test of belief and doubt : damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex increases credulity for misleading advertising. The theory posits that the prefrontal cortex is critical for normative doubt toward properly comprehended ideas or cognitions.

Such doubt is important for advantageous decisions, for example in the financial and consumer purchasing realms.

Here, using a neuropsychological approach, we put the FTT to an empirical test, hypothesizing that focal damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex vmPFC would cause a ” doubt deficit” that would result in higher credulity and purchase intention for consumer products featured in misleading advertisements. We presented 8 consumer ads to 18 patients with focal brain damage to the vmPFC, 21 patients with focal brain damage outside the prefrontal cortex, and 10 demographically similar healthy comparison participants.

Patients with vmPFC damage were 1 more credulous to misleading ads; and 2 showed the highest intention to purchase the products in the misleading advertisements, relative to patients with brain damage outside the prefrontal cortex and healthy comparison participants.

The pattern of findings was obtained even for ads in which the misleading bent was “corrected” by a disclaimer. The evidence is consistent with our proposal that damage to the vmPFC disrupts a “false tagging mechanism” which normally produces doubt and skepticism for cognitive representations.

We suggest that the disruption increases credulity for misleading information, even when the misleading information is corrected for by a disclaimer. This mechanism could help explain poor financial decision-making when persons with ventromedial prefrontal dysfunction e. Metal Poisons for Criticality in Waste Streams. Many of the wastes from processing fissile materials contain metals which may serve as nuclear criticality poisons.

It would be advantageous to the criticality evaluation of these wastes to demonstrate that the poisons remain with the fissile materials and to demonstrate an always safe poison-to-fissile ratio. The first task, demonstrating that the materials stay together, is the job of the chemist, the second, calculating an always safe ratio, is an object of this paper.

A pilot survey of the U. The recent Ebola outbreak led to the development of Ebola virus disease EVD best practices in clinical settings. However, after the care of EVD patients, proper medical waste management and disposal was identified as a crucial component to containing the virus. Category A waste -contaminated with EVD and other highly infectious pathogens-is strictly regulated by governmental agencies, and led to only several facilities willing to accept the waste. A pilot survey was administered to determine if U.

Sixty-eight percent of survey respondents indicated they had not determined if their facility would accept category A waste. This pilot survey underscores gaps in the medical waste industry to handle and respond to category A waste. Furthermore, this study affirms reports a limited number of processing facilities are capable or willing to accept category A waste.

Developing the proper management of infectious disease materials is essential to close the gaps identified so that states and governmental entities can act accordingly based on the regulations and guidance developed, and to ensure public safety. Published by Elsevier Inc. The improvements will accelerate the processing of radioactive waste into a safe , stable form for storage and permit expedited closure of underground waste tanks holding 37 million gallons of liquid nuclear waste.

Foun- tain drink loyalty Periodic turn-in days can be valuable for this pur- pose Incineration has been recognized as a very efficient process to destroy the hazardous wastes generated by industry or by the dumpsite remediations. The paper provides Wrestling with ‘ doubt -sayers’: a first step in leading community-wide climate change action for better health. Although the evidence base for climate change is indisputable and the potential human health impact is extremely concerning, to date public health professionals are playing little part in influencing community change to accept and act on the science.

In reviewing the techniques used to obstruct action on tobacco control by vested interests through constantly raising doubt about the science in this arena, a similar pattern is seen in obstructing action on climate change.

It is clear that the raising of unverified doubt is the primary tool employed by profit-driven corporations to prevent constructive action in both these arenas, with the very high potential for the health of the whole population to suffer as a result. Those promoting the health of Australians have a responsibility to optimise health in this regard and need to think differently through embracing complexity science and then take action, with the first step being to provide constant counter-arguments to the unsubstantiated statements of the ‘ doubt -sayers’.

Concept for Underground Disposal of Nuclear Waste. Packaged waste placed in empty oil-shale mines. Concept for disposal of nuclear waste economically synergistic with earlier proposal concerning backfilling of oil-shale mines. New disposal concept superior to earlier schemes for disposal in hard-rock and salt mines because less uncertainty about ability of oil-shale mine to contain waste safely for millenium.

Radioactive waste management and practice in Bangladesh. A large amount of low- and medium-level radioactive wastes are being generated in different parts of Bangladesh. The solid wastes are being collected in steel containers and liquid wastes are collected in plastic carboys and drums. Gaseous Ar is discharged into the atmosphere through the 25 m height stack under controlled conditions after proper monitoring. The liquid radioactive wastes are approximately liters with gross-beta-gamma surface dose rates from 0.

The solidmore » and liquid wastes presently being collected are mostly short lived and low level and safely stored according to international safety codes of practice. The problem of management of radioactive waste in Bangladesh is not so serious at present because the wastes arising are small now. A computerized data base has been developed to document inventory of all radioactive waste arising in the country.

The current practices of collection, handling, safe storage and management of the radioactive wastes are reported in this paper. An experimental re-examination of the inferential confusion hypothesis of obsessive-compulsive doubt. The inferential confusion hypothesis postulates that obsessive doubt is perpetuated by a subjective form of reasoning characterized primarily by a distrust of reality and an overreliance on imagined possibilities.

However, experimental evidence for this hypothesis may be compromised by a potential confound between type of information reality vs. In the present study we aimed to untangle this potential confound. The quantification of doubt in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2, In the original version, the reality-based information is congruent with the safety hypothesis, whereas the possibility-based information is congruent with the danger hypothesis. In the modified version incorporated in the present study, the reality-based information is congruent with the danger hypothesis, whereas the possibility-based information is congruent with the safety hypothesis.

Our findings did not support the inferential confusion hypothesis: both OCD and control participants changed their estimations of the probability of unwanted events based on the type of information they received whether it conveyed danger or safety regardless of whether it was framed as reality or possibility.

The design of the present study does not lend itself to examining alternative explanations for the persistence of doubt in OCD.

The hypothesized inferential confusion in OCD requires further validation. It is particularly important to demonstrate that findings do not reflect a prudential reasoning strategy. In March of , the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant WIPP in southeast New Mexico, the world’s first deep geological repository for radioactive materials, began receiving defense-related transuranic waste.

Department of Energy, but critical to its opening was certification by the U. Environmental Protection Agency that the repository complies with the radioactive waste disposal regulations set forth as environmental radiation protection standards 40 CFR Part and compliance criteria 40 CFR Part This paper provides a summary of the regulatory process, including the Environmental Protection Agency’s waste containment, groundwater protection, and individual dose regulations for the WIPP; the Department of Energy’s performance assessment and the other parts of its compliance certification application; and the Environmental Protection Agency’s review and analysis of the compliance certification application and related documentation.

Belgoprocess is a private company, founded in and located in Dessel, Belgium. The integrated system covers all aspects of management ranging from the origin of waste to its transport, processing, interim storage and long-term management. Metal Poisons in Waste Tanks U. Many of the storage tanks with waste from processing fissile materials contain, along with the fissile material, metals which may serve as nuclear criticality poisons.

It would be advantageous to the criticality evaluation of these wastes if it can be demonstrated that the poisons remain with the fissile materials and if an always safe poison-to-fissile ratio can be established. The first task, demonstrating that the materials stay together, is the job of the chemist, the second, demonstrating an always safe ratio, is the job of the physicist.

The latter task is the object of this paper. This report summarizes new controls designed to ensure that transuranic waste disposed at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant WIPP does not contain incompatible chemicals. These new controls include a Chemical Compatibility Evaluation, an evaluation of oxidizing chemicals, and a waste container assessment to ensure that waste is safe for disposal. Learning Outcomes models, particularly constructive alignment, are the default ‘theoretical’ tool underpinning HE curriculum design in the UK despite continuing doubts as to their efficacy.

With reference to the literature, this article summarises the history of the Learning Outcomes movement and charts the perceived benefits and deficits of….

Mechanisms and modelling of waste -cement and cement-host rock interactions. Safe and sustainable disposal of hazardous and radioactive waste is a major concern in today’s industrial societies. Low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste is produced in the course of nuclear applications in research and energy production.

For both waste forms encapsulation in alkaline, cement-based matrices is considered to ensure long-term safe disposal. Cementitious materials are in routine use as industrial materials and have mainly been studied with respect to their evolution over a typical service life of several decades. Use of these materials in waste management applications, however, requires assessments of their performance over much longer time periods on the order of thousands to several ten thousands of years. What level of estrogenic activity determined by in vitro assays in municipal waste waters can be considered as safe?

Since potencies of individual estrogens to induce in vitro and in vivo responses can differ it is not possible to directly evaluate risks based on in vitro measures of estrogenic activity.

Estrone, 17beta-estradiol, 17alfa-ethinylestradiol and to some extent, estriol have been shown to be responsible for the majority of in vitro estrogenic activity of municipal WWTP effluents. Therefore, in the present study safe concentrations of Estrogenic Equivalents EEQs-SSE in municipal WWTP effluents were derived based on simplified assumption that the steroid estrogens are responsible for all estrogenicity determined with particular in vitro assays.

EEQs-SSEs were derived using the bioassay and testing protocol-specific in vitro potencies of steroid estrogens, in vivo predicted no effect concentration PNECs of these compounds, and their relative contributions to the overall estrogenicity detected in municipal WWTP effluents. They are applicable to municipal wastewater and rivers close to their discharges, but not to industrial waste waters. In its most recent opinion dealing with the definition of solid waste , Safe Food and Fertilizer Export of electronics equipment waste.

Electronics equipment waste “e- waste ” includes discarded computers, computer monitors, television sets, and cell phones. The United States and other developed countries export e- waste primarily to Asia, knowing it carries a real harm to the poor communities where it will be discarded.

A directive bans the use of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and certain brominated flame retardants in most electronics products sold in the EU. A similar directive facilitates the development and design of clean electronics products with longer lifespans that are safe and easy to repair, upgrade, and recycle, and will not expose workers and the environment to hazardous chemicals.

These useful approaches apply only regionally and cover only a fraction of the hazardous substances used in electronics manufacture, however.

There is an urgent need for manufacturers of electronics products to take responsibility for their products from production to end-of-life, and for much tighter controls both on the transboundary movement of e- waste and on the manner in which it is recycled. Manufacturers must develop clean products with longer lifespans that are safe and easy to repair, upgrade, and recycle and will not expose workers and the environment to hazardous chemicals.

Waste to energy–key element for sustainable waste management. Human activities inevitably result in wastes. The higher the material turnover, and the more complex and divers the materials produced, the more challenging it is for waste management to reach the goals of “protection of men and environment” and “resource conservation”.

Waste incineration, introduced originally for volume reduction and hygienic reasons, went through a long and intense development.

Together with prevention and recycling measures, waste to energy WTE facilities contribute significantly to reaching the goals of waste management. Sophisticated air pollution control APC devices ensure that emissions are environmentally safe.

Incinerators are crucial and unique for the complete destruction of hazardous organic materials, to reduce risks due to pathogenic microorganisms and viruses, and for concentrating valuable as well as toxic metals in certain fractions. Bottom ash and APC residues have become new sources of secondary metals, hence incineration has become a materials recycling facility, too. WTE plants are supporting decisions about waste and environmental management: They can routinely and cost effectively supply information about chemical waste composition as well as about the ratio of biogenic to fossil carbon in MSW and off-gas.

Rather than mount an obvious anti-science stance, commercial interests seek to champion science, arguing for better science, more complete and definitive science. This strategy has a sixty-year history, beginning with the tobacco industry in the s and proceeding through the chemical, energy, paint, and other industries. Thousands of faculty members have quietly sold themselves as public spokespersons or confidential consultants to industry in the service of this strategy.

A multipart program–involving educating people about this history and exposing faculty collaboration–may help free climate science from those who aim to distort its conclusions. Recycle food wastes into high quality fish feeds for safe and quality fish production. The amount of food waste generated from modern societies is increasing, which has imposed a tremendous pressure on its treatment and disposal.

Food waste should be treated as a valuable resource rather than waste , and turning it into fish feeds would be a viable alternative. This paper attempts to review the feasibility of using food waste to formulate feed pellets to culture a few freshwater fish species, such as grass carp, grey mullet, and tilapia, under polyculture mode growing different species in the same pond.

These species occupy different ecological niches, with different feeding modes i. The problems facing environmental pollution and fish contamination; the past and present situation of inland fish culture focusing on South China ; upgrade of food waste based feed pellets by adding enzymes, vitamin-mineral premix, probiotics yeast , prebiotics, and Chinese medicinal herbs into feeds; and potential health risks of fish cultivated by food waste based pellets are discussed, citing some local examples.

It can be concluded that appropriate portions of different types of food waste could satisfy basic nutritional requirements of lower trophic level fish species such as grass carp and tilapia. Upgrading the fish pellets by adding different supplements mentioned above could further elevated the quality of feeds, leading to higher growth rates, and enhanced immunity of fish. Health risk assessments based on the major environmental contaminants mercury, PAHs and DDTs in fish flesh showed that fish fed food waste based pellets are safer for consumption, when compared with those fed commercial feed pellets.

Sustainable waste management through end-of- waste criteria development. The main goal of EWC is to remove and eliminate the administrative loads of waste legislation for safe and high-quality waste materials, thereby facilitating and assisting recycling.

The target is to produce effective with high quality of recyclables materials, promoting product standardization and quality and safety assurance, and improving harmonization and legal certainty in the recyclable material markets. At the same time, those objectives aim to develop a plan in order to improve the development and wider use of environmental technologies, which reduce pressure on environment and at the same time address the three dimensions of the Lisbon strategy: growth, jobs and environment.

Environmental and health impacts of using food waste as animal feed: a comparative analysis of food waste management options. The disposal of food waste is a large environmental problem.

In the United Kingdom UK , approximately 15 million tonnes of food are wasted each year, mostly disposed of in landfill, via composting, or anaerobic digestion AD. European Union EU guidelines state that food waste should preferentially be used as animal feed though for most food waste this practice is currently illegal, because of disease control concerns. Interest in the potential diversion of food waste for animal feed is however growing, with a number of East Asian states offering working examples of safe food waste recycling – based on tight regulation and rendering food waste safe through heat treatment.

This study investigates the potential benefits of diverting food waste for pig feed in the UK. A hybrid, consequential life cycle assessment LCA was conducted to compare the environmental and health impacts of four technologies for food waste processing: two technologies of South Korean style-animal feed production as a wet pig feed and a dry pig feed were compared with two widespread UK disposal technologies: AD and composting.

The low impact of food waste feed stems in large part from its substitution of conventional feed, the production of which has substantial environmental and health impacts.

While the re-legalisation of the use of food waste as pig feed could offer environmental and public health benefits, this will require support from policy makers, the public, and the pig industry, as well as investment in separated food waste collection which currently occurs in only a minority of regions.

Can Shale Safely Host U. Nuclear Waste? Even as cleanup efforts after Japan’s Fukushima disaster offer a stark reminder of the spent nuclear fuel SNF stored at nuclear plants worldwide, the decision in to scrap Yucca Mountain as a permanent disposal site has dimmed hope for a repository for SNF and other high-level nuclear waste HLW in the United States anytime soon.

About 70, metric tons of SNF are now in pool or dry cask storage at 75 sites across the United States [Government Accountability Office, ], and uncertainty about its fate is hobbling future development of nuclear power, increasing costs for utilities, and creating a liability for American taxpayers [Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future, ].

Discusses the generation, collection, and disposal of hazardous and other wastes in the chemistry laboratory.

Offers suggestions related to these three areas to provide a safe teaching environment, including minimizing amounts of reagents used and potentially wasted by scaling down experiments. Hazardous- waste analysis plan for LLNL operations. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is involved in many facets of research ranging from nuclear weapons research to advanced Biomedical studies. Aside from producing waste from industrial type operations oils, solvents, bottom sludges, etc.

One key to any successful waste management program must address the following: proper identification of the waste , safe handling procedures and proper storage containers and areas. However, for completeness, the Waste Analysis Plan will address all hazardous waste. Safe disposal of cytotoxic waste : an evaluation of an air-tight system. A 3-month evaluation was undertaken at the Kent Oncology Centre’s chemotherapy day unit CDU to trial an air-tight sealing disposal system for cytotoxic waste management.

Research has identified the potential risk to staff who handle waste products that are hazardous to health. Staff safety was a driving force behind a trial of a new way of working. This article provides an overview of the evaluation of the Pactosafe system in one clinical area, examining reviews by oncology healthcare workers, the practicalities in the clinical setting, training, cost effectiveness and the environmental benefits. Incineration of European non-nuclear radioactive waste in the USA.

Incineration of dry low level radioactive waste from nuclear stations is a well established process achieving high volume reduction factors to minimise disposal costs and to stabilise residues for disposal. Incineration has also been applied successfully in many European Union member countries to wastes arising from use of radionuclides in medicine, nonnuclear research and industry. However, some nations have preferred to accumulate wastes over many years in decay stores to reduce the radioactive burden at point of processing.

After decay and sorting the waste , they then require a safe , industrial scale and affordable processing solution for the large volumes accumulated. To address the requirement from Germany, EnergySolutions had to run a dedicated campaign to reduce cross-contamination with non-German radionuclides to the practical minimum.

The waste itself had to be sampled in a carefully controlled programme to ensure the exacting standards of Bear Creek’s license and US emissions laws were maintained. Innovation was required in packaging of the waste to minimise transportation costs, including sea freight. The incineration was inspected on behalf of the German regulator the BfS to ensure suitability for return to Germany and disposal.

This first ‘burn and return’ programme has safely completed the incineration phase in February and the arising ash will be returned to Germany presently.

The paper reports the main findings and lessons learned on this first of its kind. This report summarizes existing analytical data gleaned from samples taken from the Hanford tanks designated as potentially containing transuranic mixed process wastes.

Process knowledge of the wastes transferred to these tanks has been reviewed to determine whether the dangerous waste characteristics now assigned to all Hanford underground storage tanks are applicable to these particular wastes.

Supplemental technologies are being examined to accelerate the Hanford tank waste cleanup mission and accomplish waste treatment safely and efficiently.

Methods and equipment to solidify and package the CH-TRUM wastes are part of the supplemental technologies being evaluated. The dangerous waste characteristics being considered include ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity arising from the presence of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol at levels above the dangerous waste threshold. The analytical data reviewed include concentrations of sulfur, sulfate, cyanide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, total organic carbon, and oxalate; the composition of the tank headspace, pH, and mercury.

Differential scanning calorimetry results were used to determine the energetics of the wastes as a function of temperature. This report supercedes and replaces PNNL This study used a qualitative approach and a convenience sample consisting of eighteen nursing workers. Data collection was performed through focal groups. Thematic analysis revealed four categories that gave evidence of training deficiencies in terms of the stages of handling waste.

Difficulties that emerged included a lack of knowledge regarding exposure and its impact, the utilization of personal protective equipment versus collective protection, and suggestions regarding measures to be taken by the institution and workers for the safe handling of hazardous chemical waste.

The present data allowed for recommending proposals regarding the safe management of hazardous chemical waste by the nursing staff. Iterative co-creation for improved hand hygiene and aseptic techniques in the operating room: experiences from the safe hands study. Hand hygiene and aseptic techniques are essential preventives in combating hospital-acquired infections.

However, implementation of these strategies in the operating room remains suboptimal. There is a paucity of intervention studies providing detailed information on effective methods for change.

This study aimed to evaluate the process of implementing a theory-driven knowledge translation program for improved use of hand hygiene and aseptic techniques in the operating room.

The study was set in an operating department of a university hospital. The intervention was underpinned by theories on organizational learning, culture and person centeredness. Qualitative process data were collected via participant observations and analyzed using a thematic approach. Doubts that hand-hygiene practices are effective in preventing hospital acquired infections, strong boundaries and distrust between professional groups and a lack of psychological safety were identified as barriers towards change.

Facilitated interprofessional dialogue and learning in ” safe spaces” worked as mechanisms for motivation and engagement. Allowing for the free expression of different opinions, doubts and viewing resistance as a natural part of any change was effective in engaging all professional categories in co-creation of clinical relevant solutions to improve hand hygiene.

Enabling nurses and physicians to think and talk differently about hospital acquired infections and hand hygiene requires a shift from the concept of one-way directed compliance towards change and learning as the result of a participatory and meaning-making process. The present study is a part of the Safe Hands project, and is registered with ClinicalTrials. Use of food waste , fish waste and food processing waste for China’s aquaculture industry: Needs and challenge.

China’s aquaculture industry is growing dramatically in recent years and now accounts for Fish protein is expected to play an important role in China’s food security. Formulated feed has become the main diet of farmed fish. The species farmed have been diversified, and a large amount of ‘trash fish’ is directly used as feed or is processed into fishmeal for fish feed. The use of locally available food waste as an alternative protein source for producing fish feed has been suggested as a means of tackling the problem of sourcing safe and sustainable feed.

This paper reviews the feasibility of using locally available waste materials, including fish waste , okara and food waste. It can be concluded that food waste is suitable as a component of the diet of farmed fish. However, it will be necessary to revise regulations on feed and feed ingredients to facilitate the use of food waste in the manufacture of fish feed.

Other agreed upon methods may be used in the management of waste with consultation with ER and Waste Management Organization. The intent of this plan is to provide information for the minimization, handling, and disposal of waste generated by ER activities.

This plan contains provisions for the safe and effective management of waste consistent with the U. It, therefore, stresses that investigation derived waste IDW and other waste be managed to ensure that 1 all efforts be made to minimize the amount of waste generated; 2 costs associated with sampling storage, analysis, transportation, and disposal are minimized; 3 the potential for public and worker exposure is not increased; and 4 additional contaminated areas are not created.

Waste to energy — key element for sustainable waste management. Together withmore » prevention and recycling measures, waste to energy WTE facilities contribute significantly to reaching the goals of waste management. Safe sex. This paper reviews findings from several studies that contribute to our understanding of cross-cultural differences in academic achievement, anxiety and self- doubt.

The focus is on comparisons between Confucian Asian and European regions. Recent studies indicate that high academic achievement of students from Confucian Asian countries is…. Water treatment plants are used to provide safe drinking water. In parallel, however, they also produce a wide variety of waste products which, in principle, could be possible candidates as resources for different applications. Calcium carbonate is one of such residual waste in Results and conclusions. This report summarizes existing analytical data from samples taken from the Hanford tanks designated as potentially containing transuranic mixed process wastes.

Metal poisons for criticality in waste streams. Many of the wastes from processing fissile materials contain metals that may serve as neutron poisons. The first task, demonstrating that the materials stay together, is the job of the chemist; the second, calculating an always safe ratio, is an object of this paper.

Parks et al.

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