The Project Gutenberg eBook of Fifty Years In The Northwest, by W. H. C. Folsom.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Kovdor baddeleyite-apatite-magnetite deposit is a potentially important resource of scandium. These deposits all have polymetallic ores, i. With the exception of the Afrikanda perovskite-magnetite deposit LREE in perovskite and the Kovdor baddeleyite-apatite-magnetite deposit scandium in baddelyite , carbonatite-bearing complexes of the Murmansk Region appear to have limited potential for REE by-products. The sound transport, energy, and mining infrastructure of the region are important factors that will help ensure future production of the REE.

Panikorovskii, T. Zr-rich eudialyte from the Lovozero peralkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Eudialyte from the Alluaiv Mt. The detailed study of the chemical composition microprobe analyses of EGMs from the drill cores of the Mt. Sun, J. The origin of low-MgO eclogite xenoliths from Obnazhennaya kimberlite, Siberian craton. These eclogites contain two types of compositionally distinct garnet: granular coarse garnet, and garnet exsolution lamellae and fine-grained garnet in clinopyroxene.

The former record higher temperatures at lower pressures than the latter, which record the last stage of equilibrium at moderate pressure-temperature conditions 2. Although derived from the garnet stability field, these rocks have low-pressure cumulate protoliths containing plagioclase, olivine, and clinopyroxene as reflected by pronounced positive Eu and Sr anomalies in all eclogites, and low heavy rare earth element HREE contents in both minerals and reconstructed bulk rocks for a number of samples.

Major elements, transition metals, and the HREE compositions of the reconstructed whole rocks are analogous to modern oceanic gabbro cumulates. Despite geochemical signatures supporting an oceanic crust origin, mantle-like? The origin of low-MgO eclogite xenoliths from Obnazhennaya kimberlite, Siberia craton. Abstract: The petrology, mineral major and trace element concentrations, and garnet oxygen isotopic composition of low-MgO wt.

These eclogites equilibrated at moderate pressure-temperature conditions 2. C at the time of entrainment. We therefore suggest that the Obnazhennaya low-MgO eclogites may represent the gabbroic section of subducted or foundered basaltic crust that underwent continued partial melting processes at high pressures where garnet was the main residual phase.

Kostrovitsky, S. The exceptionally fresh Udachnaya -East kimberlite: evidence for brine and evaporite contamination. The nature of phlogopite – ilmenite and ilmenite parageneses in deep seated xenoliths from Udachnaya kimberlite pipe. Abstract: The article describes the petrography and mineralogy of xenoliths ilmenite-phlogopite containing deformed and granular peridotites from the Udachnaya-Eastern pipe.

The age of pholopite porphyroclast from the studied deformed xenoliths matches with age of Phl megacryst and itself hosted kimberlites from Udachnaya pipe indicating the following processes closed in time: 1 crystallization of the low-Cr megacryst association; 2 deformation of rocks on the mantle lithosphere-asthenosphere border during the kimberlite-forming cycle; 3 formation of protokimberlite melts. Regularities of spatial association of major endogenous uranium deposits and kimberlitic dykes in the uranium ore regions of the Ukrainian Shield.

Ashchepkov, I. Incompatible element enriched mantle lithosphere beneath kimberlitic pipes in Priazovie Ukrainian shield: volatile enriched focused melt flow and connection to mature crust? Abstract: Major, minor and trace element compositions of mantle xenocrysts from Devonian kimberlite pipes in the Priazovie give an insight into the mantle structure beneath the SE Ukranian Shield and its evolution.

Garnets yield low temperature conditions as determined by monomineral thermobarometry. The mantle lithosphere is sharply divided at 4.

Seven layers are detected: Ist layer at 2. IIId at 4. IVth at 3. Garnets from 6. A possible reason for LILE HFSE and enrichment of the upper part of the mantle is subduction metasomatsm in Archaean times with participation of mature continental sediments activated by plumes at 1.

Ashchepkov, V. Incompatible element-enriched mantle lithosphere beneath kimberlitic pipes in Proazovie, Ukrainian shield: volatile enriched focused melt flow and connection to mature crust? Metasomatic features in the mantle xenoliths from Obnajennaya kimberlite pipe – the mineral composition evidence.

Abstract: The modal metasomatic alteration for lithosphere mantle may be investigated using mantle xenoliths from kimberlite pipes. The mantle xenoliths from upper-Jurassic Obnajennaya kimberlite pipe Kuoika field, Yakutia were studied.

Three main xenoliths groups in Obnajennaya pipe were distinguished based on the petrographic and geochemical features: 1. The clinopyroxene distribution curves demonstrate the wide range of values and altered samples show higher content HFSE group elements that primary clinopyroxene. The increasing of HFSE and rare earth element concentrations can also be traced by the amphibole chemical composition.

The high? O18 for garnet and clinopyroxene 5. This group are charactetrized are ferrous mineral composition. Silicate melt and fluid inclusions in olivine phenocryst from the Gataia lamproite Banat, Romania. A melt evolution model for Kerimasi volcano, Tanzania: evidence from carbonate melt inclusions in jacupirangite.

Petrographic observations and geochemical data show that during jacupirangite crystallization, a CaO-rich and alkali-“poor” carbonate melt relative to Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite existed and was entrapped in the precipitating magnetite, forming primary melt inclusions, and was also enclosed in previously crystallized clinopyroxene as secondary melt inclusions. The composition of the trapped carbonate melts in magnetite and clinopyroxene are very similar to the parental melt of Kerimasi calciocarbonatite; i.

Significant compositional variation is shown by the major minerals of Kerimasi plutonic rocks afrikandite, jacupirangite and calciocarbonatite. Magnetite and clinopyroxene in the jacupirangite are typically transitional in composition between those of afrikandite and calciocarbonatite.

These data suggest that the jacupirangite represents an intermediate stage between the formation of afrikandite and calciocarbonatite. Jacupirangite most probably formed when immiscible silicate and carbonate melts separated from the afrikandite body, although the carbonate melt was not separated completely from the silicate melt fraction.

Volatiles were incorporated principally in nyerereite, shortite, burbankite, nahcolite and sulfohalite as identified by Raman spectrometry. These extremely unstable minerals cannot be found in the bulk rock, because of alteration by secondary processes. On the basis of these data, an evolutionary model is developed for Kerimasi plutonic rocks. The composition of the trapped carbonate melts in magnetite and clinopyroxene is very similar to the parental melt of Kerimasi calciocarbonatite; i.

A melt evolution for Kerimasi volcano, Tanzania: evidence from carbonate melt inclusions in jacupirangite. Abstract: The use of confocal HR-Raman mapping opens new perspectives in studying melt inclusions.

Our major goal is to show advantages of this powerful technique through case studies carried out on alkaline and carbonatite rocks of Kerimasi volcano East African Rift. Raman spectrometry is one of the few methods that enable qualitative nondestructive analysis of both solid and fluid phases, therefore it is widely used for the identification of minerals and volatiles within melt and fluid inclusions. For better understanding of petrogenetic processes in carbonatite systems it is essential to find all mineral phases in the melt inclusions trapped in intrusive or volcanic rocks.

Previous Raman spectroscopic point measurements in melt inclusions revealed the presence of daughter phases e. Raman 3D mapping were applied on unheated multiphase melt inclusions of intrusive and volcanic rocks with high spatial resolution XY plane DS Geological setting and petrographic diversity of the lamproite dykes at the northern and north eastern margin of the Cuddapah Basin, southern India.

New dat a on the age of the concentrically zoned dunite pyroxenite intrusions in the Ural platiniferous belt. Depletion of niobium relative to other highly incompatible elements by melt rock reaction in the upper mantle. Gaubas, E. Lateral scan profiles of the recombination parameters correlated with distribution of grown-in impurities in HPHT diamond. The internal structure of yellow cuboid diamonds from alluvial placers of the northeastern Siberian platform.

Abstract: Yellow cuboid diamonds are commonly found in diamondiferous alluvial placers of the Northeastern Siberian platform. Most of these crystals have typical resorption features and do not preserve primary growth morphology. The resorption leads to an evolution from an originally cubic shape to a rounded tetrahexahedroid. Specific fibrous or columnar internal structure of yellow cuboid diamonds has been revealed. Most of them are strongly deformed.

Rare earth elements in the metamorphic rock complexes of the Key vyastructure of the Kola Peninsula. Kupriyanov, I. Homogenization of carbonate bearing Micro inclusions in diamond at P-T parameters of the upper mantle. The results mainly show that the carbonate phases, the daughter phases in partially crystallized microinclusions in diamonds, may undergo phase transformations under the mantle P-T conditions.

Most likely, partial melting and further dissolution of dolomite in the carbonate-silicate melt homogenization of inclusions occur in inclusions. However, it should be noted that the effect of selective capture of inclusions with partial loss of volatiles in relation to the composition of the crystallization medium is not excluded during the growth. Nadolly, V. Formation features of N3V centers in diamonds from the Kholomolokh placer in the Northeast Siberian craton.

Abstract: In recent years, despite significant progress in the development of new methods for the synthesis of diamond crystals and in their post-growth treatment, many questions remain unclear about the conditions for the formation and degradation of aggregate impurity nitrogen forms.

Meanwhile, they are very important for understanding evaluating the origin, age, and post-growth conditions of natural diamonds. In the present work, an attempt was made to analyze the causes of the formation of high concentrations of N3V centers in natural IaB-type diamonds from the Kholomolokh placer the Northeast Siberian craton.

The possibility of decay of B centers during the plastic deformation of diamonds is analyzed and experiments on the high-temperature annealing of diamonds containing B centers are reported. The formation of N3V centers during the destruction of the B centers at high-pressure annealing of crystals has been established by experiment. It is assumed that, in the post-growth period, diamond crystals were exposed to tectono-thermal stages of raising the superplumes of the Earth’s crust of the Siberian craton.

Eclogitic diamonds from variable crustal protoliths in the northeastern Siberian Craton: trace elements and coupled Delta13C-delta signatures in diamonds and garnet inclusions. Silicate melt inclusions in diamonds of eclogite paragenesis from placers on the northeastern Siberian craton. Abstract: New findings of silicate-melt inclusions in two alluvial diamonds from the Kholomolokh placer, northeastern Siberian Platform are reported.

Raman spectral analysis revealed that the composite inclusions consist of clinopyroxene and silicate glass. Hopper crystals of clinopyroxene were observed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopic analyses; these are different in composition from the omphacite inclusions that co-exist in the same diamonds.

These composite inclusions are primary melt that partially crystallised at the cooling stage. Hopper crystals of clinopyroxene imply rapid cooling rates, likely related to the uplift of crystals in the kimberlite melt.

The reconstructed composition of such primary melts suggests that they were formed as the product of metasomatised mantle. Mixed habit type Ib-IaA diamond from an Udachnaya eclogite.

Abstract: The variety of morphology and properties of natural diamonds reflects variations in the conditions of their formation in different mantle environments. This study presents new data on the distribution of impurity centers in diamond type Ib-IaA from xenolith of bimineral eclogite from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe. The high content of non-aggregated nitrogen C defects in the studied diamonds indicates their formation shortly before the stage of transportation to the surface by the kimberlite melt.

The observed sectorial heterogeneity of the distribution of C- and A-defects indicates that aggregation of nitrogen in the octahedral sectors occurs faster than in the cuboid sectors. Local variations in carbon isotopes and nitrogen contents in diamonds from placers of the northeastern portion of the Siberian Platform. Carbon isotopes and nitrogen contents in placer diamonds from the NE Siberian craton: implications for diamond origins. Diamondiferous subcontinental lithospheric mantle of the northeastern Siberian craton: evidence from mineral inclusions in alluvial diamonds.

Diamondiferous subcontinental lithospheric mantle of the northeastern Siberian Craton: evidence from mineral inclusions in alluvial diamonds. Kapchan Fold Belt Olenek Province. Regular cuboid diamonds from placers on the northeastern Siberian platform.

Abstract: Alluvial placers of the northeastern Siberian Platform are characterized by a specific diamond population: regular cuboids, forming a continuous color series from yellowish-green to yellow and dark orange. This is the first comprehensive study of a large number of cuboid diamonds focusing on their morphology, N content and aggregation state, photoluminescence, C isotopic composition and inclusions.

The cuboids are cubic i. The cathodolominescence images and the birefringence patterns show that many cuboid diamonds record deformation. The cuboid diamonds are characterized by unusual FTIR spectra with the presence of C- single nitrogen atom and A- pair of neighbour nitrogen atoms centers, and two centers of unknown origin, termed X and Y. The presence of single substitutional nitrogen defects C centers in all cuboid diamonds testifies either storage in the mantle at relatively cool conditions or formation just prior to eruption of their host kimberlites.

The cuboid diamonds show a wide range of carbon isotope compositions from mantle-like values towards strongly 13C depleted compositions? Combined with the finding of an eclogitic sulfide inclusion, the light carbon isotope compositions link the formation of the studied cuboids to deeply subducted basic protoliths, i. Spectroscopic evidence of the origin of brown and pink diamonds family from Internatsionalnaya kimberlite pipe Siberian craton.

Physics and Chemistry of Minerals , Vol. Abstract: New spectroscopic data were obtained to distinguish the specific features of brown and pink diamonds from Internatsionalnaya kimberlite pipe Siberian craton. It is shown that pink and brown samples differ markedly in the content and degree of aggregation of nitrogen defects.

Pink diamonds generally have higher nitrogen content and a lower aggregation state compared to brown samples, which often show significant variations in nitrogen content and aggregation state between different growth zones. The and nm luminescent centres, which are signs of deformed brown diamonds, are absent or of low intensity in pink diamonds implying that high nitrogen content predominantly in A form in the pink diamonds had stiffened the diamonds against natural plastic deformation.

The GR1 centre, formed by a neutrally charged vacancy, was observed only in pink diamonds, which may be due to their formation and storage in the mantle at lower-temperature conditions. Mineral inclusions indicate peridotitic and eclogitic paragenesis for studied brown and pink diamonds, respectively.

Zemnukhov, A. Subduction related population of diamonds in Yakutian placers, northeastern Siberian platform. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , Vol.

Abstract: The 35 paired diamond intergrowths of rounded colorless transparent and gray opaque crystals from the placers of northeastern Siberian Platform were investigated. The majority of studied samples have uniform ranges of nitrogen content at.

These characteristics pointing towards subducted material are possible sources for their genesis. Two samples consist of a gray opaque crystal with the subduction-related characteristics? The higher degree of nitrogen aggregation in the crystals with mantle-like characteristics testifies their longer storage in the mantle conditions.

These samples reflect multistage diamond growth history and directly indicate the mixing of mantle and subduction carbon sources at the basement of subcontinental lithospheric mantle of northeastern Siberian Platform. Zedgenizov, D. Diamond forming HDFs tracking episodic mantle metasomatism beneath Nyurbinskaya kimberlite pipe Siberian craton. Abstract: We present a new dataset on the composition of high-density fluids HDFs in cloudy n?

These diamonds represent different populations each showing distinct growth histories. The cores of coated diamonds display multiple growth stages and contrasting sources of carbon. Fibrous coats and cuboid diamonds have similar carbon isotopes and nitrogen systematics, suggesting their formation in the last metasomatic events related to kimberlite magmatism, as is common for most such diamonds worldwide. The HDFs in most of these diamonds span a wide range from low-Mg carbonatitic to hydrous silicic compositions.

The major- and trace-element variations suggest that the sources for such HDFs range in composition between the depleted mantle and more fertile mantle reservoirs. Hydrous-silicic HDFs could originate from a 13C-enriched source, which originates through subduction of crustal metasedimentary material.

Percolation of such HDFs through carbonated eclogites and peridotites facilitates the formation of cuboid diamonds and fibrous coats in the mantle section beneath the corresponding area of the Siberian craton.

Cloudy diamonds represent an apparently older population, reflecting continuous diamond formation predominantly from high-Mg carbonatitic HDFs that caused discrete episodes of diamond precipitation.

Their high Mg and enrichment in incompatible elements support a metasomatized peridotitic source for these HDFs. Alkaline ultramafic rocks in the pipes of the Tersky coast of Kola Peninsula- a new type of Paleozoic magmatism. Alkalic ultramafics in diatremes on the Terskiy coast of the KolaPeninsula: a new type of Paleozoic magmatism.

Diamonds and associated minerals in kimberlites and loose sediments of Tersky shore Kola Peninsula. Buikin, A. Distribution of mantle and atmospheric argon in mantle xenoliths from western Arabian Peninsula: constraints on timing and composition of metasomatizing agents Solomatova, N. Equation of state and spin crossover of Mg,Fe O at high pressure, with implications for explaining topographic relief at the core mantle boundary. Kolonrect Kolonwirt. Results of the preliminary geological and mineralogical investigations for the discovery of diamonds and precious stones in the Qishon basin area.

Simakov, S. Assessment of Diamondiferous perspectives of east European Platform according to the dat a of sounding On the robustness of estimates of mechanical anisotropy in the continental lithosphere: a North American case study and global reanalysis.

Plethean, J. Madagascar’s escape from Africa: a resolution plate reconstruction for the Western Somali Basin and for supercontinent dispersal.

Abstract: Accurate reconstructions of the dispersal of supercontinent blocks are essential for testing continental breakup models. Here, we provide a new plate tectonic reconstruction of the opening of the Western Somali Basin during the breakup of East and West Gondwana. The model is constrained by a new comprehensive set of spreading lineaments, detected in this heavily sedimented basin using a novel technique based on directional derivatives of free-air gravity anomalies.

Vertical gravity gradient and free-air gravity anomaly maps also enable the detection of extinct mid-ocean ridge segments, which can be directly compared to several previous ocean magnetic anomaly interpretations of the Western Somali Basin. The best matching interpretations have basin symmetry around the M0 anomaly; these are then used to temporally constrain our plate tectonic reconstruction. The reconstruction supports a tight fit for Gondwana fragments prior to breakup, and predicts that the continent-ocean transform margin lies along the Rovuma Basin, not along the Davie Fracture Zone DFZ as commonly thought.

According to our reconstruction, the DFZ represents a major ocean-ocean fracture zone formed by the coalescence of several smaller fracture zones during evolving plate motions as Madagascar drifted southwards, and offshore Tanzania is an obliquely rifted, rather than transform, margin.

New seismic reflection evidence for oceanic crust inboard of the DFZ strongly supports these conclusions. Our results provide important new constraints on the still enigmatic driving mechanism of continental rifting, the nature of the lithosphere in the Western Somali Basin, and its resource potential. X-ray tomographic study of spatial distribution of Micro inclusions in natural fibrous diamonds. Paleoproterozoic Ma rift related volcanism in the Hekla Sund region, field occurrence, geochemistry.

Age of rocks, structures and metamorphism in the Nagssugtoqidian Mobile belt – fold and lead isotope evidence. Archean and Proterzoic crust in Northwest Greenland: evidence from Rubidium-Strontium whole rock age determinations. Geochemistry, tectonic setting, poly orogenic history of Paleoproterozoic basement rocks from Caledonian belt. Geochemistry and tectonic significance of peridotitic and metakomatiitic rocks from Us suit area. Upton, B.

The Mesoproterozoic Zig-Zag Dal basalts and associated intrusions of eastern North Greenland: mantle plume lithosphere interaction. Micro-Raman spectroscopy assessment of chemical compounds of mantle clinopyroxenes. Abstract: The composition of clinopyroxenes is indicative for chemical and physical properties of mantle substrates. The chemical composition of studied clinopyroxenes shows wide variations indicating their origin in different mantle lithologies.

The peak position of the stretching vibration mode? These correlations may be used for rough estimation of these compounds using the non-destructive Raman spectroscopy technique. Sharygin, I. Relics of deep alkali-carbonate melt in the mantle xenolith from the Komosomolskaya-Magnitnaya kimberlite pipe Upper Muna field, Yakutia. Abstract: The results of study secondary crystallized melt inclusions in olivine of a sheared peridotite xenolith from the Komsomolskaya-Magnitnaya kimberlite pipe Upper Muna field, Yakutia are reported.

The abundance of alkali carbonates in the inclusions indicates the alkali-carbonate composition of the melt. Previously, identical inclusions of alkali-carbonate melt were reported in olivine of sheared peridotites from the Udachnaya pipe Daldyn field.

Melt inclusions in sheared peridotites are the relics of a crystallized kimberlite melt that penetrated into peridotites either during the transport of xenoliths to the surface or directly in the mantle shortly prior to the entrapment of xenoliths by the kimberlite magma.

If the second scenario took place, the finds of alkali-carbonate melt inclusions in sheared peridotites carried from different mantle depths in the Udachnaya and Komsomolskaya-Magnitnaya kimberlite pipes indicate a large-scale metasomatic alteration of the lithospheric mantle of the Siberian Craton by alkaline-carbonate melts, which preceded the kimberlite magmatism.

However, regardless of which of the two models proposed above is correct, the results reported here support the alkali-carbonate composition of primary kimberlite melts. Perepelov, A. Keulen, N. Formation, origin and geographic typing of corundum ruby and pink sapphire from the Fiskenaesst complex, Greenland. Abstract: Metamorphic petrology observations on rubies found in-situ in their host-rock are combined with geochemical measurements and optical microscopy observations on the same rubies, with the aim of connecting the ruby-forming metamorphic reaction to a unique fingerprint for these minerals.

Isochemical pressure-temperature sections were calculated based on electron microprobe and whole-rock geochemistry analyses, and compared to field observations. In order to establish the unique fingerprint for this ruby-bearing ultramafic complex, laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry trace-element measurements, oxygen isotope compositions, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were applied. Results for other Greenland localities are presented and discussed as well.

Even though these are derived from ultramafic rock settings too, they record different trace-element ratios and oxygen isotope values, resulting from variations in the Archaean ruby-forming reaction.

Melting of iron silicon alloy up to the core mantle boundary pressure: implications to the thermal structure of the Earth’s core. The reactions in the MgCO3-SiO2 system in the slabs subducted into the lower mantle and formation of deep diamond. Abstract: Diamond is an evidence for carbon existing in the deep Earth. Some diamonds are considered to have originated at various depth ranges from the mantle transition zone to the lower mantle.

These diamonds are expected to carry significant information about the deep Earth. GPa and 3,? K using a double sided laser-heated diamond anvil cell combined with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. These observations suggested that the reaction of the MgCO3 phase II with SiO2 causes formation of super-deep diamond in cold slabs descending into the deep lower mantle.

Tanaka, R. The sound velocity of wustite at high pressures: implications for low-velocity anomalies at the base of the lower mantle. Abstract: The longitudinal sound velocity VP and the density? GPa and temperatures of up to ?

K using both inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction combined with a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. The linear relationship between VP and? Osovetskii, B. Trace element analysis and U-Pb geochronology of perovskite and its importance for tracking unexposed rare metal and diamond deposits. Significance of halogens F, Cl in kimberlite melts: insights from mineralogy and melt inclusions in the Roger pipe Ekati, Canada. Abstract: The abundance and distribution of halogens F, Cl are rarely recorded in kimberlites and therefore their petrogenetic significance is poorly constrained.

Halogens are usually present in kimberlite rocks in the structure of phlogopite and apatite, but their original concentrations are never fully retained due to the effects of alteration. To provide new constraints on the origin and evolution of halogens in kimberlites and their melts, we present a detailed study of the petrography and geochemistry of the late-Cretaceous Group-I or archetypal Roger kimberlite Ekati cluster, Canada.

The studied samples contain abundant anhedral-to-euhedral olivine which is set in a crystalline groundmass of monticellite, phlogopite, apatite, spinel i. The Roger kimberlite is characterised by the highest recorded F-content up to ppm of the Ekati cluster kimberlites, which is reflected by the preservation of F-rich phases, where bultfonteinite Ca4 Si2O7 F, OH 2 and fluorite commonly replace olivine.

In order to examine the composition and evolution of the kimberlite melt prior to post-magmatic processes, we studied melt inclusions in olivine, Cr-spinel, monticellite and apatite. Comparisons between halogens and other trace elements of similar compatibility i.

Abersteiner, A. Monticellite in group I kimberlites: implications for evolution of parallel melts and post emplacement CO2 degassing. Leslie, Pipe 1. To provide new constraints on the petrogenesis of monticellite and its potential significance to kimberlite melt evolution, we examine the petrography and geochemistry of the minimally altered hypabyssal monticellite-rich Leslie Canada and Pipe 1 Finland kimberlites. Integrating magnetic and gravity for mapping the Earth structure using color scheme: a case study of Botswana.

Xenoliths in kimberlite, melilitite and carbonatite dykes from the East Sayan foothill carbonatite complex. Age significance of uranium-thorium-lead zircon dat a from early Archean rocks of West Greenland – a reassessment based. Westward continuation of the craton-Limpopo Belt tectonic break in Zimbabwe and new age constraints.. Westward continuation of the craton-Limpopo Belt tectonic break and new age constraints of the thrusting.

An exsolution origin for Archaean mantle garnet. Abstract: It is now well established that the cratonic sub-continental lithospheric mantle SCLM represents a residue of extensively melted fertile peridotite.

The widespread occurrence of garnet in the Archaean SCLM remains a paradox because many experiments agree that garnet is exhausted beyond c. It has been suggested that garnet may have formed by exsolution from Al-rich orthopyroxene [1,2,3]. However, the few examples of putative garnet exsolution in cratonic samples remain exotic and have not afforded a link to garnet that occurs as distinct grains in granular harzburgite.

Garnet lamellae within the megacryst show crystallographic continuity and have a strong fabric relative to the host orthopyroxene, strongly indicating that the megacryst formed by exsolution. Garnet lamellae are sub-calcic Cr-pyropes with sinusoidal rare earth element patterns, while the orthopyroxene host is high-Mg enstatite; the reconstructed precursor is clinoestatite.

The megacryst shows evidence for disintegrating into granular peridotite, and garnet and orthopyroxene within the granular peridotite are texturally and chemically identical to equivalent phases in the megacryst. Collectively, this evidence supports a common origin for the granular and exsolved portions of the sample. The compositions of the exsolved Cr pyrope and enstatite are typical of harzburgites and depleted lherzolites from the SCLM. Furthermore, garnet inclusions within orthopyroxene in several granular peridotites exhibit the same fabric as those in the exsolved megacryst.

We hypothesise that clinoenstatite was a common phase in cratonic SCLM and that exsolution is the likely origin of many sub-calcic garnets in depleted peridotites. Growth of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath Zimbabwe started at or before 3. Age significance of uranium-thorium-lead-zircon dat a from early Archean rocks of West Greenland – a reassessment.. Fluid mobile trace element constraints on the role of slab melting and implications for Archean crustal growth models. Lamproites from Gaussberg, Antartica: possible transition zone melts of Archean subducted sediments.

Lamproites from Gaussberg, Antarctica: possible transition zone melts of Archean subducted sediments. A refined solution to Earth’s hidden niobium: implications for evolution of continental crust and mode of core formation. Mantle and crustal processes in the Hadean and Archean: evidence for the onset of subduction at 3. A review of isoptopic and trace element evidence for mantle and crustal processes in the Hadean and Archean: implications for the onset of plate tectonic subduction.

Majoritic garnet: a new approach to pressure estimation of shock events in meteorites and the encapsulation of sub-lithospheric inclusions in diamonds.

On the track of the elusive Sudbury impact: geochemical evidence for a chondrite or comet bolide. Differentiated impact melt sheets may be potential source of Hadean detrital zircon. Abstract: Constraining the origin and history of very ancient detrital zircons has unique potential for furthering our knowledge of Earth’s very early crust and Hadean geodynamics. This could possibly indicate wet minimum-melting conditions producing granitic melts, implying very different Hadean terrestrial geology from that of other rocky planets.

Here we report the first comprehensive ion microprobe study of zircons from a transect through the differentiated Sudbury impact melt sheet Ontario, Canada. The new zircon Ti results and corresponding Tzirxtln fully overlap with those of the Hadean zircon population.

Previous studies that measured Ti in impact melt sheet zircons did not find this wide range because they analyzed samples only from a restricted portion of the melt sheet and because they used laser ablation analyses that can overestimate true Ti content.

It is important to note that internal differentiation of the impact melt is likely a prerequisite for the observed low Tzirxtln in zircons from the most evolved rocks.

On Earth, melt sheet differentiation is strongest in subaqueous impact basins. Thus, not all Hadean detrital zircon with low Ti necessarily formed during melting at plate boundaries, but at least some could also have crystallized in melt sheets caused by intense meteorite bombardment of the early, hydrosphere-covered protocrust.

Abstract: Olivine offers huge, largely untapped, potential for improving our understanding of magmatic and metasomatic processes. In particular, a wealth of information is contained in rare earth element REE mass fractions, which are well studied in other minerals. However, REE data for olivine are scarce, reflecting the difficulty associated with determining mass fractions in the low ng g? Empirical partition coefficients D values calculated using the new olivine compositions agree with experimental values, indicating that the measured REEs are structurally bound in the olivine crystal lattice, rather than residing in micro-inclusions.

We conducted an initial survey of REE contents of olivine from mantle, metamorphic, magmatic and meteorite samples. REE mass fractions vary from 0. Heavy REEs vary from low mass fractions in meteoritic samples, through variably enriched peridotitic olivine to high mass fractions in magmatic olivines, with fayalitic olivines showing the highest levels.

Why Archean cratons differ from younger continental lithosphere. Abstract: The most outstanding features of Archaean cratons are their extraordinary thickness and enduring longevity.

Seismically, Archaean cratonic fragments are sharplybounded deep roots of buoyant cold lithospheric mantle, clearly distinguishable from non-cratonic lithosphere. The age of diamond inclusions and the Os-isotope composition of deep cratonic xenoliths support a model of coeval formation of the crustal and residual mantle portions. Archaean and post-Archaean crust also differ, not in bulk composition, but in crustal architecture.

Key drivers of crustal rearrangment were the radioactive heat-producers U, Th and K. In the early Earth, high radioactive heat production led to self-organisation into evolved, potassic upper and refractory lower crust. The lag time between crust formation and reorganisation was much shorter than today. An additional factor contributing to cratonic restructuring was the emplacement of dense supracrustal rocks in ensialic greenstone belts, leading to gravitational inversion.

The dome and keel architecture of Archaean cratons was thus driven by crustal radioactive heat and high temperature mantle melting, yielding dense, low viscosity lavas piling up at surface. A pleasing complementary observation from cratonic mantle roots is that refractory mantle nodules also suggest very high degrees of melting and extraction. With higher degree and depth of melting, a thicker and severely depleted bouyant cratonic residue was formed, perfectly equipped to preserve the Archaean crustal record.

However, there are significant inconsistencies in this otherwise convincing line of reasoning. They include: Archaean crust is not especially thick, the dunites expected after very high degree melting are rare, many cratonic harzburgites are much richer in orthopyroxene than predicted [1], and cratonic harzburgites often contain garnet.

Finding a solution to these issues has important ramifications for secular evolution of the continents and thermal evolution of the mantle.

In this presentation, I will contrast the various proposed solutions, including purging of surprisingly carbonated ancient mantle [e. Juvenile crust formation in the Zimbabwean Craton deduced from the O-Hf isotopic record 3.

Abstract: Hafnium and oxygen isotopic compositions measured in-situ on U-Pb dated zircon from Archaean sedimentary successions belonging to the 2. Microstructural and compositional criteria were used to minimize effects arising from Pb loss due to metamorphic overprinting and interaction with low-temperature fluids.

Hf-time space, 3. Crustal domains formed after 3. Protracted remelting was not accompanied by significant mantle depletion prior to 3. This implies that early crust production in the Zimbabwe Craton did not cause complementary enriched and depleted reservoirs that were tapped by later magmas, possibly because the volume of crust extracted and stabilised was too small to influence asthenospheric mantle isotopic evolution.

Growth of continental crust through pulsed emplacement of juvenile chondritic mantle-derived melts, into and onto the existing cratonic nucleus, however, involved formation of complementary depleted subcontinental lithospheric mantle since the early Archaean, indicative of strongly coupled evolutionary histories of both reservoirs, with limited evidence for recycling and lateral accretion of arc-related crustal blocks until 3.

An exsolution origin for Archean mantle garnet. Abstract: It is well established that the cratonic subcontinental lithospheric mantle C-SCLM represents a residue of extensively melted peridotite. The widespread occurrence of garnet in C-SCLM remains a paradox because experiments show that it should be exhausted beyond?

It has been suggested that garnet may have formed by exsolution from Al-rich orthopyroxene; however, the few documented examples of garnet exsolution in cratonic samples are exotic and do not afford a direct link to garnet in granular harzburgite.

We report crystallographic, petrographic, and chemical data for an exceptionally well preserved orthopyroxene megacryst containing garnet lamellae, juxtaposed against granular harzburgite. Garnet lamellae are homogeneously distributed within the host orthopyroxene and occur at an orientation that is unrelated to orthopyroxene cleavage, strongly indicating that they formed by exsolution.

Garnet lamellae are subcalcic Cr-pyrope, and the orthopyroxene host is high-Mg enstatite; these phases equilibrated at 4. The reconstructed precursor is a high-Al enstatite that formed at higher pressure and temperature conditions of? We hypothesize that high-Al enstatite was a common phase in the C-SCLM and that exsolution during cooling and stabilization of the C-SCLM could be the origin of most subcalcic garnets in depleted peridotites. Petrological, mineralogical and geochemical pecularities of Archaean cratons.

Seismically, Archaean cratonic fragments are sharply-bounded deep roots of mechanically strong, cold lithospheric mantle, clearly distinguishable from non-cratonic lithosphere.

Rhenium-depletion of deep cratonic xenolith whole rocks and sulphide inclusions in diamond indicate that melting was broadly coeval with formation of the overlying proto-cratonic crust, which was of limited mechanical strength. A very important process of proto-cratonic development was vertical crustal reorganisation that eventually yielded a thermally stable, cratonised crust with a highly K-U-Th-rich uppermost crust and much more depleted deeper crust.

Clastic sedimentary rocks available for geochemical study are predominantly found in the youngest parts of supracrustal stratigraphies and over-represent the highly evolved rocks that appeared during cratonisation.

Vertical crustal reorganisation was driven by crustal radiogenic heat and emplacement of proto-craton-wide, incubating and dense supracrustal mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks. Statistical analysis of these cover sequences shows a preponderance of basalt and a high abundance of ultramafic lavas with a dearth of picrite. The ultramafic lavas can be grouped into Ti-enriched and Ti-depleted types and high pressure and temperature experimental data indicate that the latter formed from previously depleted mantle at temperatures in excess of ?

Most mantle harzburgite xenoliths from cratonic roots are highly refractory, containing very magnesian olivine and many have a high modal abundance of orthopyroxene. High orthopyroxene mode is commonly attributed to metasomatic silica-enrichment or a non-pyrolitic mantle source but much of the excess silica requirement disappears if melting occurred at high pressures of ?

In many harzburgites, there is an intimate spatial association of garnet and spinel with orthopyroxene, which indicates formation of the Al-phase by exsolution upon cooling and decompression.

New and published rare earth element REE data for garnet and orthopyroxene show that garnet has inherited its sinusoidal REE pattern from the orthopyroxene. The lack of middle-REE depletion in these refractory residues is consistent with the lack of middle- over heavy-REE fractionation in most komatiites. This suggests that such pyroxene or garnet or precursor phases were present during komatiite melting.

In the Kaapvaal craton, garnet exsolution upon significant cooling occurred as early as 3. Ga and geobarometry of diamond inclusions from ancient kimberlites also supports cool Archaean cratonic geotherms. This requires that some mantle roots have extended to to possibly ? We maintain that the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary continues to be of geological significance, despite the recognition that upper crustal chemistry, as sampled by sedimentary rocks, became more evolved from ca.

Ga onwards. The boundary coincides with the disappearance of widespread komatiite and marks the end of formation of typical refractory cratonic lithosphere. This may signify a fundamental change in the thermal structure of the mantle after which upwellings no longer resulted in very high temperature perturbations.

One school of thought is that the thermal re-ordering occurred at the core-mantle boundary whereas others envisage Archaean plumes to have originated at the base of the upper mantle. Here we speculate that Archaean cratonic roots may contain remnants of older domains of non-convecting mantle. These domains are potential carriers of isotope anomalies and their base could have constituted a mechanical and thermal boundary layer. Above laterally extensive barriers, emerging proto-cratons were protected from the main mantle heat loss.

The surviving cratons may therefore preserve biased evidence of geological processes that operated during the Archaean. The Influence of large bolide impacts on Earth’s carbon cycle. Abstract: Human society’s rapid release of vast quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere is a significant planetary experiment. An obvious natural process capable of similar emissions over geologically short time spans are very large bolide impacts.

When striking a carbon-rich target, bolides significantly, and potentially catastrophically, disrupt the global biogeochemical carbon cycle.

Independent factors, such as sulfur-rich targets, redox state of the oceans or encountering ecosystems already close to a tipping point, dictated the magnitude of further consequences and determined which large bolide strikes shaped Earth’s evolution.

On the early Earth, where carbon-rich sedimentary targets were rare, impacts may not have been purely destructive. Instead, enclosed subaqueous impact structures may have contributed to initiating Earth’s unique carbon cycle. Depth-dependent peridotite-melt interaction and the origin of variable silica in the cratonic mantle.

Abstract: Peridotites from the thick roots of Archaean cratons are known for their compositional diversity, whose origin remains debated. We report thermodynamic modelling results for reactions between peridotite and ascending mantle melts. Reaction between highly magnesian melt komatiite and peridotite leads to orthopyroxene crystallisation, yielding silica-rich harzburgite.

By contrast, shallow basalt-peridotite reaction leads to olivine enrichment, producing magnesium-rich dunites that cannot be generated by simple melting. Komatiite is spatially and temporally associated with basalt within Archaean terranes indicating that modest-degree melting co-existed with advanced melting. We envisage a relatively cool mantle that experienced episodic hot upwellings, the two settings could have coexisted if roots of nascent cratons became locally strongly extended.

Alternatively, deep refractory silica-rich residues could have been detached from shallower dunitic lithosphere prior to cratonic amalgamation. Regardless, the distinct Archaean melting-reaction environments collectively produced skewed and multi-modal olivine distributions in the cratonic lithosphere and bimodal mafic-ultramafic volcanism at surface. Fernandes, A. Karfunkel, J. De Al. Detailed mapping, aimed at characterizing the Mata da Corda Group of Upper Cretaceous age of Coromandel, has been carried out.

This Group was divided into the Patos Formation, composed of kimberlitic and kamafugitic rocks, and the Capacete Formation, presented by conglomerates, pyroclastic rocks, arenite and tuffs.

The results have been compared to studies of the kimberlite bodies in the nearby Douradinho River. Kimberlite indicator minerals from these localities show the same compositional trend. Moreover, in the basal conglomerate of the Garimpo Canastrel two diamonds diamonds have been recovered and described. These detailed investigations suggest that the basal conglomerates of the Capacete Formation represent the main source rock of the alluvial diamond deposits in the Coromandel region.

Diamonds from the Coromandel area, west Minas Gerais State, Brazil: an update and new dat a on surface sources and origin. Abstract: Important diamond deposits southeast of Coromandel and the local geology have been studied in an attempt to understand what surface source provided the stones.

The upper cretaceous Capacete Formation of the Mata da Corda Group, composed of mafic volcanoclastic, pyroclastic and epiclastic material, has been worked locally for diamonds, nevertheless considered non-economic.

The authors present results of their study of a deactivated small mine, representing the first report with description and analyses of two gem diamonds washed from this material.

Hundreds of kimberlites, discovered in the last half century in the region, are sterile or non-economic. The volume of this material is enormous representing a potential resource for large-scale mining. The authors suggest detailed studies of the volcanic facies of this unit focusing on the genesis, distribution and diamond content. As to the question concerning the origin of these diamondiferous pyroclastic rocks, the authors exclude the kimberlites and point towards the large Serra Negra and Salitre alkaline complexes which are considered the primary source for the pyroclastic units of the Mata da Corda Group.

They propose that early eruptive phases of this alkaline complex brought diamonds from a mantle source to the surface, much as happens with traditional kimberlites, to explain the association of such huge carbonatite complexes and diamonds. Chalapathi Rao, N. Petrology, geochemistry and genesis of new Mesoproterozoic high magnesian calcite rich kimberlites of Siddanpalli, eastern Dharwar Craton Limestone xenolith in Siddanpalli kimberlite, Gadwal granite greenstone terrain, eastern Dhwar Craton: remnant of Proterozoic platformal cover sequence – age.

Limestone xenolith in Siddanpalli kimberlite, Gadwal granite – greenstone terrain, Eastern Dhawar Craton, southern India: remnant of Proterozoic platformal cover sequence of B. Petrology, geochemistry and genesis of newly discovered Mesoproterozoic highly magnesian, calcite rich kimberlites from Siddanpalli, Eastern Dharwar Craton. Petrology, geochemistry and genesis of newly discovered Mesoproterozoic highly magnesian, calcite rich kimberlites from Siddanpalli, eastern Dharwar Craton Analysis of structural lineaments and their effect on the distribution of ring complexes in southeastern desert, Egypt.

International Conference on Ore Potential of alkaline, kimberlite and carbonatite magmatism. Picrites from the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China: a compositional continuum in primitive magms and their respective mantle sources. Kamenetsky, M. Olivine in the Udachnaya East kimberlite Yakutia, Russia : morphology, compositional zoning and origin. Alkali carbonates and sulfides in kimberlite hosted chloride carbonate nodules Udachnaya pipe, Russia.

Classes in mantle xenoliths from Western Victoria Australia, and their relevance to mantle processes. Magma composition and crystallization conditions of the picrite-basalt suite in the Tumrok Ridge, East Kamchatka. Origins of compositional heterogeneity in olivine hosted melt inclusions from the Baffin Island picrites.

Monticellite in group I kimberlites: implications for evolution of parental melts and post emplacement CO2 degassing. Primary multiphase melt inclusions in monticellite, perovskite and Mg-magnetite contain assemblages dominated by alkali Na, K, Ba, Sr -enriched Ca-Mg-carbonates, chlorides, phosphates, spinel, silicates e.

These melt inclusions probably represent snapshots of a variably differentiated kimberlite melt that evolved in-situ towards carbonatitic and silica-poor compositions.

Although unconstrained in their concentration, the presence of alkali-carbonates and chlorides in melt inclusions suggests they are a more significant component of the kimberlite melt than commonly recorded by whole-rock analyses. We present petrographic and textural evidence showing that pseudomorphic Mtc-II resulted from an in-situ reaction between olivine and the carbonate component of the kimberlite melt in the decarbonation reactio.

This reaction is supported by the preservation of abundant primary inclusions of periclase and to a lesser extent Fe-Mg-oxides in monticellite, perovskite and Mg-magnetite. Based on the preservation of primary periclase inclusions, we infer that periclase also existed in the groundmass, but was subsequently altered to brucite.

We suggest that CO2 degassing in the latter stages of kimberlite emplacement into the crust is largely driven by the observed reaction between olivine and the carbonate melt. Albert A. Ames Jesse Ames Cadwallader C. Washburn William D. Washburn Joseph C. Russell Horatio P. Van Cleve Charlotte O. Lennon John H. Stevens Caleb D. Dorr Rev. Edward D. Neill John Wensignor Robert H.

Hasty Stephen Pratt Capt. John Tapper R. Cummings Elias H. Conner C. Foster A. Foster Charles E. Vanderburgh Dorillius Morrison H. Morrison F. Cornell Gen. Nettleton Isaac Atwater Rev. David Brooks Prof. Jabez Brooks John S.

Pillsbury Henry T. Wilson R. Langdon William M. Bracket Thos. Walker Austin H. Young Henry G. Hicks John P. Organization, First Officers St. Paul North St. Forbes Henry M. Larpenteur William H.

Nobles Simeon P. Folsom Jacob W. Bass Benjamin W. Brunson Abram S. Elfelt D. Baker Benjamin F. Hoyt John Fletcher Williams Dr. John H. Murphy William H. Tinker George P. Jacobs Lyman Dayton Henry L. Lott W. Davidson Wm. Fisher Charles H. Oakes C. Borup Capt. Russell Blakely Rensselaer R. Nelson George L. Flandrau John B. Sanborn John R. Irvine Horace R.

Bigelow Cushman K. Davis S. McMillan Willis A. Gorman John D. Ludden Elias F. Drake Norman W. Kittson Hascal R. Brill Ward W. Folsom [Pg xl] Gordon E. Cole James Smith, Jr. Whitcher T. Newson Alvaren Allen Harlan P. Dakota County.

Crosby G. Le Duc Goodhue County. Hubbard William Colville Martin S. Wilson Wabasha County. Tefft James Wells Winona County.

Scenery Winona City Daniel S. Norton William Windom Charles H. Pierre Bottineau Andrew G. Dunnell James H. Baker Horace B.

McDonald Thomas H. Armstrong Augustus Armstrong Moses K. Armstrong James B. Paul Railroad St. Stuntz on Lake Superior and St. Croix Canal Waterways Convention, E. Durant’s Valuable Statistics Resolution for St. Croix Ice Boats James W. Mullen’s Reminiscences, St. Croix Rev. Julius S. Scott, Maj. Anderson, and Jeff. Davis Jeff. Military History of the Rebellion, to Gov. After mature deliberation we concluded to go West. Returning to Bloomfield, I collected the money held for me by Capt.

Ruel Weston and was soon in readiness for the journey. But a few days before the time agreed upon for leaving, I received a letter from Simeon Goodrich, which contained the unpleasant information that he could not collect the amount due him and could not go with me. Truly this was a disappointment. I was obliged to set out alone, no light undertaking at that early day, for as yet there were no long lines of railroad between Maine and the Mississippi river. The day at last arrived for me to start.

My companions and acquaintances chaffed me as to the perils of the journey before me. My mother gave me her parting words, “William, always respect yourself in order to be respected. The stage took us directly to the steamboat at Gardiner. The steam was up and the boat was soon under way.

It was the New England, the first boat of the kind I had ever seen. I felt strangely unfamiliar with the ways of the traveling world, but observed what others did, and asked no questions, and so fancied that my ignorance of traveling customs would not be exposed.

It was sunset as we floated out into the wide expanse of the Atlantic. The western horizon was tinged with fiery hues, the shores grew fainter and receded from view and the eye could rest at last only upon the watery expanse. All [Pg 2] things seemed new and strange.

Next morning a heavy fog hung over the scene. The vessel was at anchor in Boston harbor and we were soon on shore and threading the crooked streets of the capital of Massachusetts. I was not lost in the wilderness maze of streets, as I had feared I should be, but on leaving Boston on the evening train I took the wrong car and found myself uncomfortably situated in a second or third class car, crowded and reeking with vile odors, from which the conductor rescued me, taking me to the pleasant and elegant car to which my first class ticket entitled me.

On arriving at Providence I followed the crowd to the landing and embarked on the steamer President for New York, in which city we remained a day, stopping at the City Hotel on Broadway.

I was greatly impressed with the beauty of part of the city, and the desolate appearance of the Burnt District, concerning the burning of which we had read in our winter camp. I was not a little puzzled with the arrangement of the hotel tables and the printed bills of fare, but closely watched the deportment of others and came through without any serious or mortifying blunder.

Stevens for Albany, and on the evening of the same day went to Schenectady by railroad. Some of the way cars were hauled by horses up hills and inclined planes. There were then only three short lines of railroad in the United States, and I had traveled on two of them. At Schenectady I took passage on a canal boat to Buffalo. I had read about “De Witt Clinton’s Ditch,” and now greatly enjoyed the slow but safe passage it afforded, and the rich prospect of cities, villages and cultivated fields through which we passed.

At Buffalo we remained but one day. We there exchanged eastern paper for western, the former not being current in localities further west. At Buffalo I caught my first glimpse of Lake Erie. I stood upon a projecting pier and recalled, in imagination, the brave Commodore Perry, gallantly defending his country’s flag in one of the most brilliant engagements of the war, the fame whereof had long been familiar to the whole country and the thrilling incidents of which were the theme of story and song even in the wilderness camps of Maine.

The steamer Oliver Newberry bore me from Buffalo to Detroit. From Detroit to Mt. Clemens, Michigan, I went by stage and stopped at the last named place until October 14th, when, being [Pg 3] satisfied that the climate was unhealthy, fever and ague being very prevalent, I returned to Detroit, and on the fifteenth of the same month took passage on the brig Indiana, as steamers had quit running for the season.

The brig was aground two days and nights on the St. Clair flats. A south wind gave us a splendid sail up the Detroit river into Lake Huron. We landed for a short time at Fort Gratiot, at the outlet of the lake, just as the sun was setting. The fort was built of stone, and presented an impressive appearance.

The gaily uniformed officers, the blue-coated soldiers, moving with the precision of machines, the whole scene—the fort, the waving flags, the movement of the troops seen in the mellow sunset light—was impressive to one who had never looked upon the like before. A favorable breeze springing up, we sped gaily out into the blue Lake Huron. At Saginaw bay the pleasant part of the voyage ended. The weather became rough.

A strong gale blew from the bay outward, and baffled all the captain’s skill in making the proper direction. Profane beyond degree was Capt. McKenzie, but his free-flowing curses availed him nothing. The brig at one time was so nearly capsized that her deck load had rolled to one side and held her in an inclined position.

The captain ordered most of the deck load, which consisted chiefly of Chicago liquors, thrown overboard. Unfortunately, several barrels were saved, two of which stood on deck, with open heads. This liquor was free to all. The vessel, lightened of a great part of her load, no longer careened, but stood steady against the waves and before the wind.

It is a pity that the same could not be said of captain, crew and passengers, who henceforth did the careening. They dipped the liquor up in pails and drank it out of handled dippers. They got ingloriously drunk; they rolled unsteadily across the deck; they quarreled, they fought, they behaved like Bedlamites, and how near shipwreck was the goodly brig from that day’s drunken debauch on Chicago free liquor will never be known.

The vessel toiled, the men were incapacitated for work, but notwithstanding the tempest of profanity and the high winds, the wrangling of crew and captain, we at last passed Saginaw bay. The winds were more favorable. Thence to Mackinaw the sky was clear and bright, the air cold. The night before reaching Mackinaw an unusual disturbance occurred above resulting from the abundance of free liquor.

The cook, being [Pg 4] drunk, had not provided the usual midnight supper for the sailors. The key of the caboose was lost; the caboose was broken open, and the mate in the morning was emulating the captain in the use of profane words. The negro cook answered in the same style, being as drunk as his superior. This cook was a stout, well built man, with a forbidding countenance and, at his best, when sober, was a saucy, ill-natured and impertinent fellow. When threat after threat had been hurled back and forth, the negro jumped at the mate and knocked him down.

The sailors, as by a common impetus, seized the negro, bound him tightly and lashed him to a capstan. On searching him they found two loaded pistols. These the mate placed close to each ear of the bound man, and fired them off.

They next whipped him on the naked back with a rope. His trunk was then examined and several parcels of poison were found. Another whipping was administered, and this time the shrieks and groans of the victim were piteous.

Before he had not even winced. The monster had prepared himself to deal death alike to crew and passengers, and we all felt a great sense of relief when Capt. McKenzie delivered him to the authorities at Mackinaw.

Antique Mackinaw was a French and half-breed town. The houses were built of logs and had steep roofs. Trading posts and whisky shops were well barred. The government fort, neatly built and trim, towered up above the lake on a rocky cliff and overlooked the town, the whole forming a picturesque scene. We remained but a few hours at Mackinaw.

There were ten cabin passengers, and these, with two exceptions, had imbibed freely of the Chicago free liquor. They were also continually gambling. McKenzie had fought a fist fight with a deadhead passenger, Capt. Fox, bruising him badly. What with his violence and profanity, the brutality of the mate and the drunken reveling of crew and passengers, the two sober passengers had but a sorry time, but the safe old brig, badly officered, badly managed, held steadily on its course, and October 30th, fifteen days from Detroit, safely landed us in Chicago.

After being so long on the deck of a tossing vessel, I experienced a strange sensation when first on shore. I had become accustomed to the motion of the vessel, and had managed to hold myself steady. On shore the pitching and tossing movement seemed to continue, only it seemed transferred to my head, [Pg 5] which grew dizzy, and so produced the illusion that I was still trying to balance myself on the unsteady deck of the ship.

Chicago, since become a great city, had at that time the appearance of an active, growing village. Thence I proceeded, November 1st and 2d, by stage to Milwaukee, which appeared also as a village, but somewhat overgrown. Idle men were numerous, hundreds not being able to obtain employment. Here I remained a couple of weeks, stopping at the Belleview House.

After which I chopped wood a few days for Daniel Wells. Not finding suitable employment, I started west with a Mr. Rogers, December 2d. There being no other means of conveyance, we traveled on foot. On the evening of the second we stopped at Prairie Village, now known as Waukesha. On the evening of the third we stopped at Meacham’s Prairie, and on the fifth reached Rock River, where I stopped with a Mr.

The evening following we stopped at an Irish house, where the surroundings did not conduce to comfort or to a feeling of security. Several drunken men kept up a continuous row. We hid our money in a haystack, and took our turn sleeping and keeping watch. We ate an early breakfast, and were glad to get away before the men who had created such a disturbance during the night were up.

We moved onward on the seventh to Blue Mound, where we found a cheerful resting place at Brigham’s. The eighth brought us to Dodgeville, where we stopped at Morrison’s.

On the ninth we reached Mineral Point, the locality of the lead mines, where I afterward lost much time in prospecting. Mineral Point was then a rude mining town. The night of our arrival was one of excitement and hilarity in the place. The first legislature of the territory of Wisconsin had been in session at Belmont, near Mineral Point, had organized the new government and closed its session on that day.

To celebrate this event and their emancipation from the government of Michigan and the location of the capital at Madison, the people from the Point, and all the region round about, had met and prepared a banquet for the retiring members of the legislature.

Madison was at that time a paper town, in the wilderness, but beautifully located on Cat Fish lake, and at the head of Rock river. The location had been accomplished by legislative tact, and a compromise between the extremes. In view of the almost certain division of the Territory, with the Mississippi river as a [Pg 6] boundary, at no very distant day, it was agreed that Madison should be the permanent capital, while Burlington, now in Iowa, should be used temporarily.

Milwaukee and Green Bay had both aspired to the honor of being chosen as the seat of government. Mineral Point, with her rich mines, had also aspirations, as had Cassville, which latter named village had even built a great hotel for the accommodation of the members of the assembly.

Dubuque put in a claim, but all in vain. Madison was chosen, and wisely, and she has ever since succeeded in maintaining the supremacy then thrust upon her. In my boyhood, at school, I had read of the great Northwest Territory. It seemed to me then far away, at the world’s end, but I had positively told my comrades that I should one day go there. I found myself at last on the soil, and at a period or crisis important in its history.

The immense territory had been carved and sliced into states and territories, and now the last remaining fragment, under the name of Wisconsin, had assumed territorial prerogatives, organized its government, and, with direct reference to a future division of territory, had selected its future capital, for as yet, except in name, Madison was not. In assuming territorial powers, the boundaries had been enlarged so as to include part of New Louisiana, and the first legislature had virtually bartered away this part of her domain, of which Burlington, temporary capital of Wisconsin, was to be the future capital.

Two more days of foot plodding brought us to Galena, the city of lead. The greeting on our entering the city was the ringing of bells, the clattering of tin pans, the tooting of ox horns, sounds earthly and unearthly,—sounds no man can describe.

What could it be? Was it for the benefit of two humble, footsore pedestrians that all this uproar was produced? We gave it up for the time, but learned subsequently that it was what is known as a charivari, an unmusical and disorderly serenade, generally gotten up for the benefit of some newly married couple, whose nuptials had not met with popular approval. At Galena I parted with Mr.

Rogers, my traveling companion, who went south. On the fifteenth of December I traveled to Dubuque on foot.

When I came to the Mississippi river I sat down on its banks and recalled the humorous description of old [Pg 7] Mr. Carson, my neighbor, to which I had listened wonderingly when a small boy. The turtles in it were big as barn doors, and their shells would make good ferryboats if they could only be kept above water. Several persons desiring to cross, we made a portable bridge of boards, sliding them along with us till we were safe on the opposite bank.

I was now at the end of my journey, on the west bank of the Mississippi, beyond which stretched a vast and but little known region, inhabited by Indians and wild beasts. As I review the incidents of my journey in , I can not but contrast the conditions of that era and the present. How great the change in half a century! The journey then required thirty days. It now requires but three. I had passed over but two short lines of railroad, and had made the journey by canal boat, by steamer, by stage, and a large portion of it on foot.

There were few regularly established lines of travel. From Michigan to the Mississippi there were no stages nor were there any regular southern routes. Travelers to the centre of the continent, in those days, came either by the water route, via New Orleans or the Fox and Wisconsin river route, or followed Indian trails or blazed lines from one settlement to another. The homes of the settlers were rude—were built principally of logs.

In forest regions the farms consisted of clearings or square patches of open ground, well dotted with stumps and surrounded by a dense growth of timber. The prairies, except around the margins or along certain belts of timber following the course of streams, were without inhabitants. Hotels were few and far between, and, when found, not much superior to the cabins of the settlers; but the traveler was always and at all places hospitably entertained.

Dubuque was a town of about three hundred inhabitants, attracted thither by the lead mines. The people were principally of the mining class. The prevailing elements amongst them were Catholic and Orange Irish. These two parties were antagonistic and would quarrel on the streets or wherever brought in contact.

Sundays were especially days of strife, and Main [Pg 8] street was generally the field of combat. Women even participated. There was no law, there were no police to enforce order. The fight went on, the participants pulling hair, gouging, biting, pummeling with fists or pounding with sticks, till one or the other party was victorious. These combats were also accompanied with volleys of profanity, and unlimited supplies of bad whisky served as fuel to the flame of discord. Dubuque was certainly the worst town in the West, and, in a small way, the worst in the whole country.

The entire country west of the Mississippi was without law, the government of Wisconsin Territory not yet being extended to it. Justice, such as it was, was administered by Judge Lynch and the mob. My first employment was working a hand furnace for smelting lead ore for a man named Kelly, a miner and a miser.

He lived alone in a miserable hovel, and on the scantiest fare. In January I contracted to deliver fifty cords of wood at Price’s brickyard. I cut the wood from the island in front of the present city of Dubuque, and hired a team to deliver it.

While in Dubuque I received my first letter from home in seven months. What a relief it was, after a period of long suspense, spent in tediously traveling over an almost wilderness country,—amidst unpleasant surroundings, amongst strangers, many of them of the baser sort, drinking, card playing, gambling and quarreling,—what a relief it was to receive a letter from home with assurances of affectionate regard from those I most esteemed.

Truly the lines had not fallen to me in pleasant places, and I was sometimes exposed to perils from the lawless characters by whom I was surrounded.

On one occasion a dissolute and desperate miner, named Gilbert, came to Cannon’s hotel, which was my boarding house while in Dubuque. He usually came over from the east side of the river once a week for a spree. On this occasion, being very drunk, he was more than usually offensive and commenced abusing Cannon, the landlord, applying to him some contemptuous epithet. I thoughtlessly remarked to Cannon, “You have a new name,” upon which Gilbert cocked his pistol and aiming at me was about to fire when Cannon, quick as thought, struck at his arm and so destroyed his aim that the bullet went over my head.

The report of the pistol brought others to the room and a general melee ensued in which the bar [Pg 9] was demolished, the stove broken and Gilbert unmercifully whipped.

Gilbert was afterward shot in a drunken brawl. I formed some genial acquaintances in Dubuque, amongst them Gen. Booth, Messrs.

Brownell, Wilson and others, since well known in the history of the country. Price, the wood contractor, never paid me for my work. I invested what money I had left for lots in Madison, all of which I lost, and had, in addition, to pay a note I had given on the lots. On February 11th I went to Cassville, journeying thither on the ice.

This village had flourished greatly, in the expectation of becoming the territorial and state capital, expectations doomed, as we have seen, to disappointment. It is romantically situated amidst picturesque bluffs, some of which tower aloft like the walls and turrets of an ancient castle, a characteristic that attaches to much of the bluff scenery along this point. I reached this old French town on the twelfth of February.

The town and settlement adjacent extended over a prairie nine miles long, and from one to two miles broad, a beautiful plateau of land, somewhat sandy, but for many years abundantly productive, furnishing supplies to traders and to the military post established there.

It also furnished two cargoes of grain to be used as seed by the starving settlement at Selkirk, which were conveyed thither by way of the Mississippi, St. Peter and Red rivers. The earliest authentic mention of the place refers to the establishment of a post called St. Nicholas, on the east bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Wisconsin, by Gov. De La Barre, who, in , sent Nicholas Perrot with a garrison of twenty men to hold the post.

The first official document laying claim to the country on the Upper Mississippi, issued in , has mention of the fort. This document we transcribe entire:. Croix, and at the mouth of the river St. Pierre Minnesota , on the bank of which were the Mantantans; and further up to the interior to the northeast of the Mississippi, as far as the Menchokatoux, with whom dwell the majority of the Songeskitens, and other Nadouessioux, who are to the northeast of the Mississippi, to take possession for, and in the name of, the king of the countries and rivers inhabited by the said tribes, and of which they are proprietors.

The present act done in our presence, signed with our hand and subscribed. There is little doubt that this post was held continuously by the French as a military post until , when the French authorities at Quebec withdrew all their troops from Wisconsin, and as a trader’s post or settlement, until the surrender in to the British of all French claims east of the Mississippi.

It was probably garrisoned near the close of the latter period. It remained in the possession of the French some time, as the English, thinking it impossible to compete for the commerce of the Indian tribes with the French traders who had intermarried with them, and so acquired great influence, did not take actual possession until many years later.

The post is occasionally mentioned by the early voyageurs, and the prairie which it commanded was known as the “Prairie du Chien,” or praire of the dog, as early as , and is so mentioned by Carver.

It was not formally taken possession of by the United States until , when Gov. Clarke with two hundred men came up from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien, then under [Pg 11] English rule, to build a fort and protect American interests at the village. At that time there were about fifty families, descended chiefly from the old French settlers. These were engaged chiefly in farming, owning a common field four miles long by a half mile wide.

They had outside of this three separate farms and twelve horse mills to manufacture their produce. The fort, held by a few British troops under Capt. Deace, surrendered without resistance, but soon after the British traders at Mackinaw sent an expedition under Joe Rolette, Sr. They were followed by the Indians as far as Rock Island. Meanwhile, Lieut. Campbell, with reinforcements on his way from St.

Louis, was attacked, part were captured and the remainder of his troops driven back to St. Late in Maj. Zachary Taylor proceeded with gunboats to chastize the Indians for their attack on Campbell, but was himself met and driven back. The following year, on the declaration of peace between Great Britain and America, the post at Prairie du Chien was evacuated.

The garrison fired the fort as they withdrew from it. The fort erected by the Americans under Gen. Clarke in was called Fort Shelby. The British, on capturing it, changed the name to Fort McKay. The Americans, on assuming possession and rebuilding it, named it Fort Crawford. It stood on the bank of the river at the north end of St. Friole, the old French village occupied in by the Dousmans. In the new Fort Crawford was built on an elevated site about midway in the prairie. It was a strong military post and was commanded at this time by Gen.

Zachary Taylor. Many officers, who subsequently won distinction in the Florida Indian, Mexican, and late Civil War, were stationed here from time to time. Within a time included in my own recollections of the post, Jefferson Davis spirited away the daughter of his commanding officer, Gen. Taylor, and married her, the “rough and ready” general being averse to the match. By that name it has been known and recognized [Pg 12] ever since.

It has been successively under the French, English and United States governments, and lying originally in the great Northwestern Territory, in the subsequent divisions of that immense domain, it has been included within the bounds of the territories of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Fisher and —— Campbell as justices of the peace, the first civil commissions issued for the American government in the entire district of country including West Wisconsin and Minnesota east of the Mississippi.

Prior to this time, about , the inhabitants had been chiefly under military rule. In the county of Crawford was organized as a part of Michigan Territory, and blank commissions were issued to Nicholas Boilvin, Esq.

Johnson was installed as chief justice of the county court. The entire corps of officers were qualified. In January, , Congress passed an act providing for circuit courts in the counties west and north of Lake Michigan, and James Duane Doty was appointed judge for the district composed of Brown, Mackinaw and Crawford counties, and a May term was held in Prairie du Chien the same year.

Indian Troubles. There were other incidents which may be worthy of separate mention. In an entire family, named Methode, were murdered, as is supposed, by the Indians, though the murderers were never identified. The great incentive to violence and rapine with the Indians was whisky. An intelligent Winnebago, aged about sixty years, told me that “paganini,” “firewater” whisky , was killing the great majority of his people, and making fools and cripples of those that were left; that before the pale faces came to the big river his people were good hunters and had plenty to eat; that now they were drunken, lazy and hungry; that they once wore elk or deer skins, that now they were clad in blankets or went naked.

This Indian I had never seen drunk. The American Fur Company had huts or open houses where the Indians might drink and revel.

At an Indian payment a young, smart looking Indian got [Pg 13] drunk and in a quarrel killed his antagonist. The friends of the murdered Indian held a council and determined that the murderer should have an opportunity of running for his life.

The friends of the murdered Indian formed in a line, at the head of which was stationed the brother of the dead man, who was to lead in the pursuit. At a signal the bands of the prisoner were cut, and with a demoniacal yell he bounded forward, the entire line in swift and furious pursuit. Should he outrun his pursuers, he would be free; should they overtake and capture him, they were to determine the mode of his death. He ran nearly a mile when he tripped and fell.

The brother of the dead Indian, heading the pursuit, pounced upon him and instantly killed him with a knife. Considering the fact that the Indians were gathered together under the guns of a United States fort, and under the protection of a law expressly forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquors to them, the people of the United States were certainly justified in expecting better results, not only in regard to the protection of the frontier settlers but for that of the Indians themselves.

All came to naught because of the non-enforcement of law. Liquors were shamelessly sold to the Indians and they were encouraged to drunken revelry and orgies by the very men who should have protected and restrained them. The prosperity of Prairie du Chien depended upon the Indian trade, and upon government contracts which the presence of a military force rendered necessary. The Indians gathered here in great numbers. Here the Winnebagoes, part of the Menomonies and some Chippewas received their annuities, and here centred also an immense trade from the American Fur Company, the depot being a large stone building on the banks of the Mississippi, under the charge of Hercules Dousman.

Two discharged soldiers Thompson and Evans living at Patch Grove, thirteen miles away, visited the fort often. On a morning after one of their visits a soldier on guard noticed a heap of fresh earth near the magazine.

An alarm was given, an examination made, and it was found that the magazine had been burst open with bars and sledge hammers, entrance having been [Pg 14] obtained by digging under the corner picket. The kegs had been passed through the excavation underneath the picket.

One keg had burst open near the picket, and the silver was found buried in the sand. The second keg burst on the bank of the Mississippi, and all the money was found buried there except about six hundred dollars. The third keg was found months after by John Brinkman, in the bottom of the river, two miles below the fort.

He was spearing fish by torchlight, when he chanced to find the keg. The keg he delivered at the fort and received a small reward. On opening the keg it was found to contain coin of a different kind from that advertised as stolen. Brinkman, however, made no claims on account of errors. Thompson, Evans, and a man named Shields were arrested by the civil authorities on suspicion; their trial was continued from term to term and they were at last dismissed. One man, who had seen the silver in the sand during the day and gone back at night to fill his pockets, was seized by a soldier on guard, imprisoned for a year, and discharged.

A Frenchman shot and killed a couple of tame geese belonging to a neighbor, supposing them to be wild. Discovering his mistake, he brought the geese to the owner, a Dutchman, who flew into a great rage, but took the geese and used them for his own table, in addition to which he had the goose-killer arrested and tried before Martin Savall, a justice of the peace.

The defendant admitted the killing of the geese, the plaintiff admitted receiving them and using them for food, nevertheless the justice gave judgment in favor of plaintiff by the novel ruling that these geese, if not killed, would have laid eggs and hatched about eight goslings.

The defendant was therefore fined three dollars for the geese killed, and eight dollars for the goslings that might have been hatched if the geese had been permitted to live, and costs besides. Plaintiff appealed to the district court which reversed the decision on the ground that plaintiff had eaten his geese, and the goslings, not being hatched, did not exist. Plaintiff paid the costs of the suit, forty-nine dollars, remarking that a Dutchman had no chance in this country; that he would go back to Germany.

The judge remarked that it would be the best thing he could do. My original plan on leaving Maine was to make a prospecting tour through the West and South.

I had been in Prairie du Chien for a season, and as soon as my contract to cut hay for the fort and my harvesting work was done. I started, with two of my comrades, in a birch bark canoe for New Orleans. This mode of traveling proving slow and tedious, after two days, on our arrival at Dubuque, we sold our canoe and took passage on the steamer Smelter for St.

Louis, which place we reached on the seventeenth of October. We remained five days, stopping at the Union Hotel. Louis was by far the finest and largest city I had yet seen in the West. Its levee was crowded with drays and other vehicles and lined with steamers and barges. Its general appearance betokened prosperity.

On the twenty-second, I left on the steamer George Collier for New Orleans, but the yellow fever being reported in that city, I remained several days at Baton Rouge.

New Orleans was even then a large and beautiful city. Its levee and streets were remarkable for their cleanness, but seemed almost deserted. Owing to a recent visitation of the yellow fever and the financial crisis of , business was almost suspended. These were hard times in New Orleans. Hundreds of men were seeking employment, and many of them were without money or friends. It was soon very evident to me that I had come to a poor place to better my fortunes.

After a thorough canvass, I found but one situation vacant, and that was in a drinking saloon, and was not thought of for an instant. I remained fifteen days, my money gradually diminishing, when I concluded to try the interior. I took steamer for Vicksburg, and thence passed up the Yazoo to Manchester, where I spent two days in the vain search for employment, offering to do any kind of work.

I was in the South, where the labor was chiefly done by negroes. I was friendless and without letters of recommendation, and for a man under such circumstances to be asking for employment was in itself a suspicious circumstance.

I encountered everywhere coldness and distrust. I returned to Vicksburg, and, fortunately, had still enough money left to secure a deck passage to the North, but was obliged to [Pg 16] live sparingly, and sleep without bedding. I kept myself somewhat aloof from the crew and passengers. The captain and clerk commented on my appearance, and were, as I learned from a conversation that I could not help but overhear, keeping a close eye upon me for being so quiet and restrained.

It was true that the western rivers were infested with desperate characters, gamblers and thieves such as the Murrell gang.

Might I not be one of them. I was truly glad when, on the fifth of December, we landed at St. It seemed nearer my own country; but finding no employment there, I embarked on the steamer Motto for Hennepin, Illinois, where I found occasional employment cutting timber. There was much talk here of the Murrell gang, then terrorizing the country; and I have good reason to believe that some of them at that time were in Hennepin. After remaining about two months, I left, on foot, valise in hand or strapped upon my back, with J.

Simpson, for Galena, which place we reached in four days. Finding here Mr. Putnam, with a team, I went up with him on the ice to Prairie du Chien, where, after an absence of five months of anxiety, suspense and positive hardships, I was glad to find myself once more among friends. During the summer of I cultivated a farm. I had also a hay contract for the fort. My partner was James C. I had worked hard and succeeded in raising a good crop, but found myself in the fall the victim of bilious fever and ague.

I continued farming in and furnishing hay to the fort, but continued to suffer with chills and fever. Myself and partner were both affected, and at times could scarcely take care of ourselves. Help could not be obtained, but ague comes so regularly to torture its victims that, knowing the exact hour of its approach, we could prepare in advance for it, and have our water, gruel, boneset and quinine ready and within reach.

We knew when we would shake, but not the degree of fever which would follow. The delirium of the fever would fill our minds with strange fancies. On one occasion I came home with the ague fit upon me, hitched my horses with wagon attached to a post and went into the house. Banker had passed the shaking stage, and was delirious. I threw myself on the bed, and the fever soon following, I knew nothing till morning, when I found the team still hitched to the post, and, in their hunger, eating it.

In November of this year I made a somewhat perilous trip with team to Fort Winnebago, at the portage of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers.

The weather was cold and the military road, much of the distance, covered with snow. There was scarcely a trail over the rolling prairie to guide me.

Exposure brought on the chills as I was returning. Fatigued, sick and suffering, I coiled myself on the top of the load. The second day, as the sun was setting, I came in sight of Parish’s Grove, but the horses were unwilling to obey my guidance.

Coming to a fork in the road they insisted on going to the right. I pulled them to the left. Had I been guided by their “horse sense” they would have brought me in a few moments to the door of Parish’s hotel. As it was, I drove on until far in the night, when we came to a steep hill, two steep for descent in the wagon. I unhitched the team, loaded them with the portable things in the wagon to keep them from the wolves that were howling around, mounted one of the horses and descended the hill and found myself at Parish’s door, the very place I had been trying to find for a day and a night.

Caldwell, quartermaster at Fort Crawford, received the load, and learning something of the perils of the journey, gave me eighty dollars instead of the forty he had promised. During the spring and summer of , I fulfilled heavy hay and wood contracts for the fort, and in the autumn of that year concluded to revisit my early home in Maine.

I set out September 23d, and reached Chicago in seven days, traveling with a team. I traveled thence by steamer to Buffalo, by canal boat to Rochester, by railroad and stage to Albany and Boston, by railroad to Lowell, and by stage to Tamworth, New Hampshire.

After spending four years amidst the prairies of the West it was indeed a pleasure to look again upon the grand ranges of mountains in this part of New England. When eleven years of age I had lived where I could look upon these mountains, and now to their grandeur was added the charm of old association.

Time had written no changes upon these rugged mountains. There were cottages and farms on the mountain side. Sparkling rivulets gleamed in the sunlight, [Pg 18] as they found their way, leaping from rock to rock, to the valleys beneath.

Tamworth is situated on beautiful ridges amongst these mountain ranges. Near this place is the old family burying ground containing the graves of my grand parents and other near relatives. These mountain peaks seemed to stand as sentinels over their last resting place. I remained at Tamworth a short time, visited the graves of my kindred, and on October 20th pursued my journey to Bloomfield, Maine, my old home. I found great changes. Some kind friends remained, but others were gone.

The old home was changed and I felt that I could not make my future home here. The great West seemed more than ever attractive.

There would I build my home, and seek my fortune. I found here one who was willing to share that home and whatever fortune awaited me in the West. On January 1st I was married to Mary J. Wyman, by Rev. Arthur Drinkwater, who gave us good counsel on the eve of our departure to a new and still wilderness country. On February 16th we bade adieu to our friends in Maine, visited awhile at Tamworth, and March 20th reached Prairie du Chien, having traveled by private conveyance, stage and steamer, passing through New Haven, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Frederick City, Maryland, over the National road to Wheeling, Virginia, by steamer down the Ohio and up the Mississippi to our destination.

Here we made our home until the autumn of , I continuing in the business in which I had been previously engaged. At this time a failure in my wife’s health rendered a change of climate necessary.

Our history of Fifty Years in the Northwest commences properly at Prairie du Chien in the years The entire country west and north was at that time but little better than a wilderness. Prairie du Chien was an outpost of civilization. A few adventurous traders and missionaries had penetrated the country above, planting a few stations here and there, and some little effort had been made at settlement, but the country, for the most part, was the home of roving tribes of Indians, and he who adventured among them at any distance from posts or settlements did so at considerable peril.

Prairie du Chien, as we have [Pg 19] shown, had been for an indefinite period under various governments, at first a French, and later an American settlement, generally under the protection of a military force. It was a primitive looking village. The houses were built for the most part of upright timber posts and puncheons, and were surrounded by pickets.

There was no effort at display. Every thing was arranged for comfort and protection. Burnett, Joseph M. Fonday, Samuel Gilbert, and William Wilson. The following were unmarried: James B. Dallam, Ira B. Brunson, William S. Lockwood, and Hercules Dousman. In addition to these were perhaps near a hundred French families, old residents.

We include in the following biographical sketches some names of non-residents, prominent in the early territorial history, and others who came to Prairie du Chien later than James Duane Doty. The plan of this work forbids more than a brief mention, and we therefore give only the principal events in his life. Doty was born in Salem, Washington county, New York, where he spent his early days. After receiving a thorough literary education he studied law, and in located at Detroit, Michigan.

In , in company with Gov. Cass, he made a canoe voyage of exploration through Lakes Huron and Michigan. On this voyage they negotiated treaties with the Indians, and returning made a report on the comparatively unexplored region which they had traversed.

Under his appointment as judge for the counties of Michigan west of the lake, which appointment he held for nine years, he first made his home at Prairie du Chien, where he resided one year, thence removing to Green Bay for the remainder [Pg 20] of his term of office, at which place he continued to reside for a period of twenty years. In he was appointed one of the commissioners to locate military routes from Green Bay to Chicago and Prairie du Chien. In he represented the counties west of the lake in the Michigan legislative council at Detroit, at which council the first legislative action was taken affecting these counties.

At that session he introduced a bill to create the state of Michigan, which was adopted. The result of this action was the creation of the territory of Wisconsin in In Mr. Doty was chosen territorial delegate to Congress from Wisconsin, in which capacity he served four years, when he was appointed governor. He served as governor three years. He acted as commissioner in negotiating Indian treaties. In he was a member of the first constitutional convention.

In he was elected member of Congress, and was re-elected in Somewhere in the ’50s he built a log house on an island in Fox river, just above Butte des Mortes, and lived there with his family many years.

There he gathered ancient curiosities, consisting of Indian implements, and relics of the mound builders. This log house still stands and is kept intact with the curiosities gathered there by the present owner, John Roberts, to whom they were presented by Mrs.

Fitzgerald, a daughter of Gov. Doty, in The cabin overlooks the cities of Menasha and Neenah, and the old council ground at the outlet of Lake Winnebago, where the Fox and Sioux Indians held annual councils, also the old battle ground where the Fox Indians routed the Sioux in one of the hardest fought battles on record. In Judge Doty was appointed superintendent of Indian affairs, and subsequently was appointed governor of Utah Territory, which place he held until his death in Wisconsin had no truer friend nor more faithful and efficient servant.

His aims were exalted, and he deservedly held a high place in the affections of his fellow citizens. James H. Lockwood was the only practicing lawyer at the organization of Judge Doty’s court.

He was the pioneer lawyer in Prairie du Chien, and the first lawyer admitted to the bar in what is now Wisconsin. He practiced in Crawford, Brown and Mackinaw counties. He married Julia Warren in She died at Prairie du Chien in Wright, in St. Louis, Missouri, in She died at Prairie du Chien in , much esteemed as one of the pioneer women of the Upper Mississippi, and respected as a devout Christian, whose faith was proven by her works. The early years of Mr. Lockwood were spent on a farm.

He had not the privileges of a classical education, and he may be said to be self educated. In he commenced the study of law.

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