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Students can easily correlate the topics with videos and take interest in subjects. It is installed in many schools in Delhi and NCR. If we really wants our country to grow we must develop some mechanism of e-learning that work for low income strata schools because knowledge is a power and country can only grow if most of the population is educated. The rural population of India is around In the coming days, the e-learning would become easier. As the computers would be priced low and access to internet will be available easily, even in rural areas in India.

So, when all the resources would be available the system of e-learning would excel. There will be a further improvement in the online Indian education system.

Technology really has touched the lives of human beings by lending a comfort by making everything so easy. E-learning in India has already made its base and is now looking forward to rise outstandingly.

All the e-learning initiatives are focusing more and more on graduate or postgraduate students but if we see World Bank statistics found that fewer than 40 percent of adolescents in India attend secondary schools. So if we analyze then we come to know that till date mostly initiatives of e-learning were taken for higher education but e-learning at primary education level is still on its nascent stage.

So according to researcher, the work should be done in direction to low strata income group schools where actual problems lie. People studying in these schools are not getting proper education and their ratio is more in the society. So we must try to find e-learning solution which helps in giving quality education to these schools.

The problem should be treated at the root level to gain and establish an educated society. Only educated population will build develop strong nation and e-learning will be definitely helpful in achieving quality education in schools. The following research is showing the need of e-learning in schools.

E-learning will continue to become more thoroughly integrated into the preK market. While the data is still being collected on the success of e- learning, proactive schools will prepare for the future by investing in the technology and teacher training necessary to develop and implement e-learning. This study provides an example of the development and implementation of an adaptive DSS for management of production planning for a manufacturing company -ShimaFilm.

The system provides an optimized real-time production plan based on new and existing orders, priorities, availability of production lines and available raw material. One of the most critical decisions that an industrial unit manager should make relates to production planning. However, always there are some uncertainties beyond the production process, in particular, uncertainties in demand and supply. Many researches strive for formalizing the uncertainty in production systems Yano and Lee, , Sethi et al.

Production planning in manufacturing firms includes several aspects, at different organizational levels, for example decisions on production and inventory quantities, resource acquisition, and sequencing the products. As a result, different and often contrasting objectives can be pursued; also, several limitations may need to be considered. In this complex context, TMT should make not only accurate but also swift decisions; which is not a straightforward task.

In order to address this looming problem, a decision maker needs a system that can support him in different problem situations Chuang and Yadav, Massive development in information and communication technology intensifies the approach to using computer systems to support decision-making.

Decision Support Systems DSS are computer-based systems designed to enhance the effectiveness of decision makers in performing semi-structured problems; tasks that the decision maker is uncertain about the nature of the problem or opportunity, the alternative solutions and the criteria or value for making a choice.

Hence, the primary role of a DSS is to aid the judgment processes as the decision maker challenges inadequately defined problems Alavi and Napier, The nature of the production planning process is closely related to the type of manufacturing Gelders and Van Wassenhove, In this research, we addressed tactical production planning and scheduling issues in a manufacturing company, which produces, replicated CDs and DVDs as well as developed DSS specifically for their use.

Section 2 summarizes the related literature and section 3 synthetically describes the addressed problem including product type and demand structure, production facility and planning the production lines. Section 4 describes the proposed approach. Section 5 is about developed ADSS. Final remarks and possible future developments are mentioned in Section 6. As a general definition, DSS is a system providing both problem-solving and communications capabilities for semi-structured problems McLeod Jr and Schell, But while speaking in a precise and professional world, DSS is a system that supports a single manager or a relatively small group of managers working as a problem-solving team in the solution of a semi-structured problem by providing information or making suggestions concerning specific decisions McLeod Jr and Schell, Based on studies of Keen and Morton a DSS may have three different objectives: 1 assist in solving semi-structured problems, 2 support, not replace, the manager, and 3 contribute to decision effectiveness, rather than efficiency.

Power defined DSS as an interactive computer-based system intended to help managers make decisions; a DSS helps a manager to retrieve, summarize and analyze decisions relevant data. DSS is a software package based on mathematical programming models defined and solved within a user customizable decision framework Caricato and Grieco, According to Finlay , a DSS is simply a computer-based system that aids the process of decision making.

Turban presented another definition; an interactive, flexible and adaptable computer-based information system, especially developed for supporting the solution of a non-structured management problem for improved decision-making. A general notion about a DSS is that it is an interactive computerized system consisting of three major components: a dialog subsystem, a database subsystem, and a model base subsystem Watson and Sprague Jr, ; or, an interface subsystem, a knowledge subsystem, and a problem processing subsystem Bonczek et al.

With the knowledge and other capabilities embodied in these components, a DSS is intended to help a decision maker interactively solve managerial decision problems Chuang and Yadav, The three-component architecture is capable of managing data; fitting data into models; and providing methods to reach decisions Angehrn and Jelassi, By manipulating models and data, the decision maker is able to examine various scenarios and their consequences.

The three components, as a whole, contribute to the quality of decisions that are taken by a decision maker Chuang and Yadav, With the advent of Artificial Intelligence AI and expert system ES techniques, it has been broadly recognized that it is possible to empower a DSS by incorporating these techniques into the system Angehrn and Jelassi, , Chuang and Yadav, , Finlay and Martin, , Henderson, , Holsapple and Whinston, , Holsapple et al.

Such techniques can be incorporated into each component of the DSS Holsapple et al. To deal with the ever-growing need of ventures for managing worldwide spread activities, various decision support techniques have been developed over last decade Caricato and Grieco, Mathematical programming techniques in general and linear programming in particular have been widely used for production planning issues since the s e.

However, since those early years, researchers suggest that managing the whole production as a huge single problem is not an efficient solution to realize effective decision support systems; and some more complex models such as the ones described in Pochet and Wolsey, created. For instance, in Anthony and Administration, , the problem was already divided into three different levels: strategic planning, management control and operations control.

A thorough analysis of planning and scheduling applications as applied in both manufacturing and services industries can be found in Pinedo, One distinguishing feature of the systems in this category is that they are able to generate a better solution to a problem by gradually refining an initial solution Holsapple et al.

One distinguishing feature of the systems in this category is that they are able to generate a better explanation to a problem by gradually refining an initial solution Holsapple et al.

Also adaptiveness must be understood from the user’s point of view: an adaptive DSS enables the user to build an information environment based on his needs Deutsch and Metelka, Today, by initiating an audio and video recording studio, photography and designing atelier, and distribution channel, the company is one of the largest digital media producers in the region. Orders differ by number and some orders should deliver at precise time for example at least one day before first day of an exhibition.

When a potential order comes, the marketing manager does not know exactly what time it can be delivered.

In addition, the production manager does not know which production line should product, which order to do not delay the customer order.

We present a decision support system DSS being developed to provide managers with an effective tool for this task. Demand is specified in terms of kind CD or DVD , quantity, printing four or 5-color printing and packaging bulk, wallet and frame.

In addition, the company has a costumer ranking system, so the priorities of orders differ. The customers are classified according to four criteria, which include loyalty, agreed price they can pay, their order size and their limitation in time.

This classification leads to different priorities in production orders normal, high and top priority , so the system changes its parameters and adapts itself related to background of each costumer. The nature of products of this company is that it cannot be produced before finalizing the order and it cannot be stored.

Because of the considerable variation in demand, the company management faces different decision-making problems. Production facility The production facility consists of six CD lines, seven DVD lines, one stereotype line, four offset printing and three packaging lines, each with its own capacity and production rate.

Each line can be run on 1, 2 or 3 shifts operating mode depending on demand and raw material availability levels. The production rate will vary based on the operating mode. The production is made of one primary type of raw material supplied by three major vendors.

As it happens to raw material, the more expensive the quicker it can be supplied. Planning the production lines In producing these products, the company faces several decisions in order to take the advantage of the various planning trade-offs. Such decision involves: 1 prioritizing the orders, 2 timing and amount of production of each line in every stage, 3 raw material availability versus cost and 4 the best time for preventive maintenance.

On the other hand, the most important question each customer needs to know is that “what time, exactly, the order is ready? First, one is designing the conceptual model and the second is developing the system. Conceptual model The basic problem from a user perspective is the production order.

Actually, each production order can usually be decomposed into the production phases that can be individually assigned to different departments inside the firm. Without considering any other aspect, orders could be in any array. If we denote the production order with i, the production line with j, the production phase with k, the production type with l and the priority of order with m. So the decision variable xijklm can be introduced.

Possible choices for j, k, l and m are summarized in table 1, table 2, table 3 and table 4 respectively. Suppose there is a new order. Depending on previous orders and the priority of the new order, the system should plan the lines so the orders serve in optimum time. Depending on priorities previous production planning may change. The orders, depending on their types and the stage, should go to correct empty lines. If there is not any empty line, the order should wait in queue.

The program should check every order in the queue and find first order with lower priority. Then it should change the sequence of orders according to do the higher priority before lower priority orders. Start and finish time of all the orders should be calculated and renewed. If the new finish day shows a delay more than 10 days of agreed deliver day, then the priority of that order should change to a higher priority.

Also by adding new data of each customer to database, the system should adapt itself and learn of current operations. According to production, planning the system should recommend an optimum time for raw material inventory replenishment.

In addition, it should plan the preventive maintenance program. The proposed approach in this article is adaptive design process based on previous researches e. Alavi and Napier, , Keen, but it has been revised. In an adaptive design approach, the four traditional system development activities requirements analysis, design, development, and implementation are combined into a single phase, which is iteratively repeated in a relatively short time Sprague Jr, We used a five phase system life cycle based on McLeod Jr and Schell, which includes planning, analyzing, designing, implementing and use for each subsystem.

In the planning phase, a general description of potential system described. In the next phase, analyzing, a detailed analysis of subsystem defined. Design phase included defining data needs of proposed subsystem.

In implementation phase, the proposed subsystem based on data needs gathered in previous phase developed and link between the subsystem and total system made. The last phase was auditing, using and improving each subsystem. Each module is written so that its behavior is entirely specified through its interface. The main modules and subsystems are introduced below: The graphical user interface module, which is the connection between system and users.

The database module that updates the database and knowledgebase. Queuing module, which is a simulation module that calculate the start and finish time of each order This module is the decision module. Customer Prioritizing CP subsystem, which prioritize the customers and subsequently the orders.

Inventory Replenishment IR subsystem, which suggests optimum time for ordering raw material. Preventive Maintenance PM subsystem that seeks for potential idle time of production lines. The connection of subsystems is shown conceptually in figure 2, in which arrows show that the flow of data and information. Many costumers tolerate an extra pay for taking their order sooner.

On the other hand, some of them leave the company and go to competitor firms as the company cannot deliver the order on- time or he may claim against the company for delay. While a potential customer negotiate with marketing manager, gives some data about the order and its properties. This is the time that marketing manager loads this data to the system, and system can provide different scenarios.

The most generic scenario is that the order waits in the queue for its turn. Another one is the cheapest and often the slowest choice. If the customer be in a hurry he can select a top priority order but should pay an extra charge for human resource overtime work and sometimes the delay in other orders. The customer can select between scenarios. After the agreement about the conditions, this is the time for recording the order.

Now the DSS checks for inventory and if needed it can alert the inventory replenishment staffs. In addition, if the orders cannot be done in agreed time, the system plans the overtime of operators. Before and after implementing this ADSS the satisfaction of two main interest groups, the marketing staffs and costumers, were measured. Statistics showed an 18 percent increase in staff satisfaction but about 40 percent in customer satisfaction.

It is assumed that under the condition of diversity in the orders, marketing manager does not know when the customer order can be delivered, inventory replenishment staffs do not know when, and how much they should order raw materials. In this occasion an ADSS, which mainly can plan the product lines, was developed. One extension of the present study is implementing fuzzy logic in prioritizing the orders.

Also by global use of internet, it is recommended that such systems designed for using in different production areas worldwide. An experiment in applying the adaptive design approach to DSS development. Information and Management, 7, DSS research and practice in perspective. Decision support systems, 12, Foundations of decision support systems, Academic Press New York. A DSS for production planning focused on customer service and technological aspects. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 25, The development of an adaptive decision support system1.

Decision support systems, 24, Product development performance: Strategy, organization, and management in the world auto industry. Making innovation work: How to manage it, measure it, and profit from it, Wharton School Pub. The state of decision support systems: a review.

Omega, 17, Introducing decision support systems, NCC Blackwell. Production planning: a review. European Journal of Operational Research, 7, A framework for management information systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Finding synergy between decision support systems and expert systems research. Decision Sciences, 18, Learning by problem processors:: Adaptive decision support systems. Decision support systems, 10, Management support through artificial intelligence, Institute for Research in the Behavioral, Economic, and Management Sciences.

Decision support systems: A knowledge-based approach, West Pub. KEEN, P. Adaptive design for DSS. Database, 12, Decision support systems: The next decade. Decision support systems: an organizational perspective, Addison-Wesley Reading, Mass. Special section: research in integrating learning capabilities into information systems. Journal of Management Information Systems, 9, 5- Planning and scheduling in manufacturing and services, Springer.

Production planning by mixed integer programming, Springer Verlag. Decision support systems: A historical overview. Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1, Decision support systems: Scope and potential. Optimal and hierarchical controls in dynamic stochastic manufacturing systems: A survey.

Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 4, A framework for the development of decision support systems. MIS quarterly, Integrating expert systems and decision support systems.

Linear programming for production planning. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 14, Prentice-Hall, Inc. YANO, C. Operations Research, 43, Targeting China travelers who stay in the Sun Moon Lake at Nantou County with questionnaires distributed, reporting an up to The research finding that the higher the tourism image, the higher intention in experience marketing relatively; Also, the better feeling the customer value, the higher the revisit intention when experience marketing reports a positive tendency; there is also a positive correlation between customer value and behavior intention.

Due to I the prevalence of China travelers coming to Taiwan, increasing needs of cultural and social interaction and trade between the cross straits from time to time, the government is proactively pushing for fully tourism open-up to China travelers who visit Taiwan, which is considerably helpful to the prosperity of tourism industry in Taiwan. According to the statistics of international tourists announced by Ministry of Transportation and Communications MOTC , there are 5,, inbound visits in and reporting a Moreover, visitors by country in are Mainland China 1,, visits , Japan 1,, visits , Hong Kong and Macao , visits.

According to the statistics listed above, Mainland China is currently where most tourists came from, followed by Japan, Hong Kong and Macao. The Mainland Affairs Council MAC in Taiwan made an announcement in that China travelers will be able to apply for admission to Taiwan by independent tour with 15 days of stay since the day of arrival and a quota of up to China travelers visiting Taiwan per day since June 22, Tourism can be proclaimed as the core of leisure industry, the research motive of this study targets China travelers to conduct questionnaire survey on their images about Taiwan, to explore whether China travelers occurring strong memory or affection on the tourism image of Taiwan and to further proceed to tourism experience continuously.

The study to start from the perspective of tourist, the images are just like information of certain media we receive to facilitate comprehension of the region, while it is expectation implicitly contained on potential tourists on existing regions or activities for the impression and cognition of those travel locations existed in the brain that tourists have never been to.

A diversity of message dissemination for the time being has led to message receiving in different manners and subject to no character description, in which inconsistent viewpoints of each individual might be affected by audio or visual sense stimulation, which is important to trigger a motive for those potential tourists who have not visited the place.

According to a comprehensive discussion of aforementioned literature review, the study expects to explore what kind of response and effect of a process of tourism image formation brought through the formation of visual image, which regarded as a countermeasure to subsequent tourism marketing.

Experience provider is a tool for experience marketing which normally includes communication, verbal identity and signage, product presence, co-branding, spatial environment, electronic media and people.

The difference between experience viewpoint and rational viewpoint is that the experience viewpoint is more subjective and personalized, what experience viewpoint pays attention to is subjective value caused by feeling and delight while rational viewpoint focuses on achievement of efficacy and mission.

And there are questionnaires distributed in total so as to understand the difference among the effects of tourism image, experience marketing, customer value and behavioral value and related status.

There are 53 travelers China travelers by education level; of travelers According to the aforementioned outcomes, China travelers are very satisfied with kind attitude and passion of stores in Taiwan, the public facilities are well- maintained, clean and convenient, and they are strongly agree with the clean spatial environment regarding the dimensions of tourism image, however, partial China travelers visiting Taiwan recognized the price standard in Taiwan is reasonable but not cheap.

This result showed that China travelers are very satisfied with the service personnel of tourist destination while the schedule arranged by the tour group also meets their requirements, in which they are all agreed to it in terms of this factor.

Based on the aforementioned results, tourism image reported significant level of effect on experience marketing, reporting a 0. Based on aforementioned results, experience marketing reported significant effect on customer value, reporting a 0. According to the aforementioned results, experience marketing reported significant effect on behavioral intention, reporting a 0.

Taiwan is famed for side dishes and reports a diversity of foods, in which many overseas tourists expect to taste it when coming to Taiwan, while many featured foods are named after place of origin.

According to related analyses, when the customer value of customers is satisfied during the sightseeing process, e. The advertising video on official websites is mainly static state oriented in terms of destination image, which did not introduce lively atmosphere to attract audiences to come to visit.

Furthermore, in an era of paying attention to service quality, the service industry in Taiwan have far exceeded the service industry in China, therefore, only having a sincere attitude toward service will keep your feet on the ground steadily in a society of fierce competition, Taiwan should stay where they are in terms of service quality for the time being, to continuously reinforce its feel experience, as the feel experience a mood of pleasure will be enabled while being satisfied during the service process.

As the tourists coming to Taiwan are mostly from south of China, in which Taiwan travel guide can be placed at tourism information center and at the airports outside south of Taiwan for tourists in order to increase source of tourists; an intention in visiting Taiwan will be further increased once tourists obtain the information. Bettman, J. A functional analysis of the role of overall evaluation of alternatives in choice processes. Mitchell Ed.

Crompton, J. An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon the image. Journal of Travel Research, 17 4 , Gartner, W. Journal of Travel Research, 28 2 , Goodall, B. Marketing in the tourism industry.

UK: Croom Helm. Gunn, C. Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions. Hirschman, E. Journal of Marketing, 46 3 , Pearce, P. Perceived Changes in Holiday Destinations. Annals of ourism Research, 9 2 , Pike, S. Destination image analysis- a review of papers from to Tourism Management, 23 5 , Schmitt B. New York: The Free Press.

Selwyn, T. The tourist image: myths and myth making in tourism. Walmsley, D. Evaluative images and tourism: the use of personal constructs to describe the structure of destination images. Journal of Travel Research, 36 3 , Zeithaml, V. Journal of Retailing, 52, This study sought to make an insight into the Financial Planning challenges faced in the programme and their effect on the quality, completion and timeliness of implemented ESO projects.

An expost facto research design was used in the study. The study covered the four constituencies in Embu County. The findings of this study will be important to all the stakeholders involved in the implementation of ESP projects including the CDF board, the departmental heads, the government and members of the public in several ways.

The population of interest comprised of subjects from which a sample of was selected using proportionate random sampling guide by Nassiuma formula. Questionnaires were pre-tested in Meru South District and found to be both reliable and valid followed by the actual data collection. Data collected was coded, edited, organized and cleaned.

Analysis of data was by use of frequencies and percentages. The study results indicated that financial planning challenges negatively affect the completion and timeliness in the implementation of ESP projects.

The study recommends rolling out of a similar study in all the 47 counties. Public T sector undertakings have to function like other business systems Pandey, Most of the capital expenditure in government comes in the form of projects.

This includes money spent by the government on health, roads, education and other government expenditure through ministries. During economic booms, the government has a lot of resources to invest in projects while the reverse is true during economic recessions or during financial crises with the financial crisis being an example. According to Gikonyo delays in budget implementation could reduce the overall impact of the stimulus package.

Investments in public services, particularly infrastructure, require lead time and are also often delayed due to cumbersome procurement procedures. This study sought to make an insight into the status of the various projects being implemented under the economic stimulus programme in Embu County in Kenya, the Financial Planning challenges faced and the effects of the challenges on the implementation of the projects.

The CERF report of attributes to failure of government funded projects as poor project management procedures. Projects that perform robust front-end planning face the fewest problems during project execution.

In addition, the risk assessment and management skills of the project team are critical determinants of eventual project success. The study further insists that an acquisition strategy should be developed during the conceptual design phase of the project and integrated with the risk management program to avoid projects failure.

The need for proper projects planning is further stressed by Yahya He observes that end user participation from the project onset is an important factor contributing to the failure or success of I.

Obadan points out that some projects meant for implementation over many years have full funds in one year. In contrast, some ongoing projects are not allocated enough funds pointing to lack of proper planning. Lack of implementation plans affects government projects, notes Obadan The consequence is that government commits resources to projects without proper assessment of the results to be achieved. Usually there is no rational basis for prioritizing choices in the face of dwindling resources, so that the funds are channeled to the projects that can be completed and make maximum impact.

Finally, lack of implementation plans leads to uncoordinated and disorderly implementation and avoidable delays. The financial planning challenge is further elucidated by Yahie It is noted from his study that challenges facing decentralized service delivery in Kenya are essentially an overhang of poor policy management, weak institutional capacity and poor governance that have persisted over the years.

This is evidenced by the absence of a coherent planning and institutional framework for decentralized development planning and service delivery whereby national development planning is managed in isolation.

Financial planning challenges are not unique to central government projects but also occur in decentralized funds. Strategic planning information systems in project implementation is crucial because the best of plans can go awry when it comes to actual implementation especially in the public sector Hashim, Lack of proper recourse to, and due consultation with, the people for whom the projects are being carried out to know their needs, their problems and potentials is a challenge faced in local government in the preparation of the estimates of revenue and expenditure is a financial planning challenge noted by Aloworo This leads to misplaced priorities whereby projects are done not according to or as demanded by the people but regrettably in tune with the selfish and aggrandisement of the political leadership in collaboration with the senior bureaucrats at the local government level of administration.

Budgeting or fiscal issues are particularly problematic to the planning process in ICT projects, notes Hashim He observes that if there is not enough allocation, procuring or acquiring the ICT hardware and software is made difficult for these local governments to attain their goals. Hence, this necessitates acquiring technology over an extended timeline, which in turn creates a whole host of compatibility, upgradeability and standardization issues. In addition, expenses accumulate due to the very nature of the ICTs and their learning curve.

This is also true of most other government projects. The findings of this study give a better insight about the financial planning challenges facing the ESP projects with the aim of tackling them effectively in future. The findings would further aid in shaping future policy by the government on ESP projects and possible replication to other development programs.

The findings are also expected to provide reference for educators and readers in general and rekindle further research in the area. This research design is used to explore relationships between variables. The main purpose of Expost-facto research design is therefore to determine reasons or cause for current status of the phenomenon under study. The design was perceived to bring out important data that was required in the study. The advantages of using Expost-facto research design according to Mugenda are that this type of study allows a comparison of groups without having to manipulate the independent variables.

Further, causal comparative studies can be done to identify variables worthy of empirical investigation and these studies are relatively cheap. The population for the purpose of this study was heterogeneous.

The population also comprised of the primary schools ESP committees implementing the construction projects and the members of the primary schools committees implementing the trees planting projects.

The population of interest comprised of subjects as shown in Table 1. The population was divided into 8 strata with each subgroup representing a particular category of respondents. To ensure balance of respondents across the four constituencies per category and take care of attrition, the researcher revised the sample size upwards to as shown in the table below.

The sample for the various categories was identified through stratified random sampling. In all the categories, the sample selected was proportionate for each constituency as shown in Table 2. Primary and secondary data was collected for the purpose of the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the sampled population. The researcher used questionnaires with both open ended and closed ended questions to assist in getting specific responses and also the views of the respondents which would ensure ease in tabulation and analysis.

Questionnaires were used because they are relatively easy to administer and are cost effective without compromising the quality of information collected. The main demerit in the use of questionnaires is that they are tedious to develop. This was to assess the clarity of the instruments and ensure that items found to be inadequate could be discarded or modified to improve on validity Mulusa, The researcher tried the questionnaires out on a small sample of 20 respondents which is This pre-testing helped check on reliability and validity of the instruments.

The instruments were piloted in Meru County. The choice of Meru County for the pilot was suitable because of its vicinity and similarities with the Embu County.

It refers to the consistency that an instrument demonstrates when applied repeatedly under similar situations Kerlinger, The Cronbach Reliability coefficient was used to test for reliability.

A coefficient of 0. The supervisor and other professionals in the field were also asked to read through the items and comment accordingly. They carried out verification of the items in the questionnaire to determine if these items were consistent with the objectives of the research and were devoid of any ambiguity.

Where items were found to be unsuitable, they were discarded or changed appropriately and additional items were included in the questionnaire. The researcher distributed the questionnaires to the respondents in person. However only questionnaires were received back. The study used secondary data from the ESP secretariat, past studies on related subjects, the ESP website, journals among others. Pell maintains that when making the results of each research known to a variety of readers, percentages have a considerable advantage over more complex statistics.

Descriptive statistical procedures were used to explain the distribution and derive patterns from the data. These are frequency distribution tables and cross tabulations. Qualitative data generated from open ended questions was organized into themes, categories and patterns pertinent to the study.

Qualitative data generated from the open ended questions was organized into themes, categories and patterns pertinent for the study. The data was then analyzed by using SPSS version Questionnaire responses were then analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively to give comprehensive report.

The results are presented in Table 4. The analysis revealed that It features extra graphics hardware and has the advantage of being built as a whole self-contained unit. I love Cannon Fodder, Theatre of Death, etc. It is not sexist to make these type of games, the only thing sexist is as Roland did to presume that onSy boys would like them.

That really makes me mad. Girls happen to like macho games, not all girls – but then not all boys either! I know that Roland was trying to be nice and stand up for girls, but I and the majority of giris in the com- puter world just don’t need stand- ing up for. Nice try though, Roland- Anyway, I’m off to finish reading your excellent magazine.

Keep up the excellent work. Lissy Hies. West Midlands. Dear The One, After reading the letter by Roland Pingree in the November issue of your superb magazine, my blood boiled. Chris Fyfe, moment. Do you know if the companies do a trade in offer so that r can upgrade the game with- out buying it twice?

Mark Ambrose, Poole, Dorset. Who knows though? They may decide to convert Super Bomberman. Sylvester Williams, St re at ham. Let’s face it, women are not worthy to appear in such masterpieces as Sensible Soc- cer. How sensible would it be with a load of women in it? Or how about a Double Dragon clone aptly named Double Drag- oness.

This game sees two sisters, Sharon and Tracy, battling their way through ten levels with muscle- packed, knife-throwing, spear-chuck- ing, chain-cracking and machine-gun toting women. That reminds me – aren’t women body-builders the most disgusting thing you’ve ever seen except David Upchurch naked perhaps? Anyway, back on the subject of games based around women, how about Laura Mansell’s Driving. The point of this game is to drive a Ford Cortina down a high street ignoring all the other cars and pedestrians.

Why should the computer indus- try bow to this weaker sex’s needs? Let’s face it, only five or six percent of Amiga owners are women or girls, so if there were games especially for women, they would not sell in suf- ficient numbers to merit such LETTERS games. Anyhow, some games do contain women – the two biggest fighting games both contain women: Maria and Chun-Li from Body Blows and Street Fighter 2 respectively.

So come on, stand up and join with me by placing your hand on your heart and saying “We ARE supe- rior! Daniel Lowell, Petersfield.

We do have Daniel’s full address if anybody wants it Your big plus points are your coverdisks, previews and reviews – your rivals don’t stand a chance. Please keep two disks or maybe three, but never make the mistake of going dawn to one.

Mark Ambrose, Poole, Dorset, Er, right, cr, thanks. Some emulators, especially those of 8-bit computers, include some free example software on the disk as well. Isn’t this illegal? Surely in the eyes of such an organisation as FAST this is seen as a form of pirated soft- ware – albert from an inferior machine. Or is it just that nobody is bothered about the once all-mighty B-bit computers any more because there are so few of them around nowadays?

It would be interesting to hear your views on this subject- Stuart H. Hardy, Sheffield, It’s illegal in every way. Not only is the software copyrighted, so’s the computer’s ROM, which is nor- mally part and parcel of any emu- lator.

However, I doubt if anyone is really THAT bothered about a now long-extinct computer being emulated – It’s not as if Sinclair are going to he losing money due to decreased Speccy sates, is it? ELITE 2? After taking five years to create, quite frankly I think It is a complete waste of time. It makes me so furi- ous after reading your magazine rav- ing about the game and waiting in anticipation for it to be released, only to be utterly disappointed upon playing it with the crap control sys- tem when you are in space, I just feel like throwing it away.

The game is seriously let down by the way you fly through space, The idea of your ship moving in one way whilst you are pointing your nose in a different way hinders the payabil- ity so much. Why couldn’t Mr Braben keep if like the control system in Elite? In making it so accurate, Mr Braben has totally ruined the paya- bility. Sometimes you end up travel- ling so fast, that no matter what you do to turn your ship, you still keep going in the same direction. I loved Elite so much, and to waste my money on what is little more than trash leaves a bitter taste in my mouth.

It will be a long time before I part with my hard earned cash on something which is supposed to be a landmark in Amiga gaming. Simon Smith, South Yorkshire. Oh dear. How long did you spend playing Frontier, Mr Smith? Five minutes? If you spent a tittle mare time with it you’d find it’s not ‘totally unplayable’- far from it, in fact. Learn a few basic tech- niques and you can have some superb dogfights, just as good if not better than those in Elite.

Why not try out our tips in last month’s issue if you’re having trouble, Tsch! They complain bitterly about piracy, then along comes a new vir- tually pirate- proof format and they sit on their laurels and wait to see if it sells.

The games don’t need massive upgrading to make use of the CD32’s custom chips – i heard a rumour that a good game is based upon good game play! What the CD32 needs are games to make it sell. Sure it will cost them in the short run, but in the long term we’re all better off. In your October issue you reviewed Jurassic Park and you wrote that it was out now. Well, I am a member of Special Reserve and when I ordered both games I was told that they’re not out yet.

Guess when Beneath A Steel 5ky is being released – February ! Please start getting your dates right. Edon, Somerset. We do try to get our release dates right but the software companies are a law unto themselves, chop- ping and changing release dates literally overnight. This should make a lot of people who don’t think Amigas are any good realise that they are the best machines around. There was an absolutely huge sec- tion dedicated to Sega and Ninten- do why I don’t know but to my shock there was a tiny section dedi- cated to the brilliant Amiga.

There was a CD-I somewhere else in the store with a golf game which had fully digitised graphics running on it. I couldn’t wait to see what they had running on the CD32, but all they had on it was a piece of PO soft- ware that had been put on a CD no offence to PD software, but it just didn’t show what the CD32 can do. They didn’t have anything written down about the CD32 like that it’s the first bit CD-based console, etc, They didn’t even have the price there.

Surefy Commodore should put their foot down or they’ll be losing money? Robert Wilson, Coventry. When’s Mortal Kombat coming out on CD32? Any chance of a photo of Jenny? That’s not really Commodore’s fault – after aft, it’s up to Comet what they push in their shop. As CD12 sales increase and more CD32 software becomes available, you should see a turn around. Dear The One, I am a games pirater boo! I am ashamed of the fact, but do it any- way. The reason for this is that I just can’t afford the price these games are sold at.

My rea- son for pirating does no harm to the software firms as they wouldn’t receive any money from me whether I pirated the games or not. There are some who could afford to buy the games yet still pirate, and I think they are the gits who are destroying the software industry not me, I know I’ll be hissed off when my first two games come on the market in the next year I’m not going to tell you what they are, because you’ll just slag them off when they came out but that’s life and it would be all I deserve.

Yeah, he’s right you know. Those are trie exact same reasons I’m going to nick a brand new Porsche. And if I don’t nick one, how would I be able to find out how good they are and see whether their next model is worth buy- ing or not? Blimey, we’ve positive- ly overdosed on festive cheer this year.

We’ve teamed up with our great mates up at Ocean to offer what has to be one of the best prizes an Amiga games player could ever wish for. It seems that dreams really do come true at Christmas! The lucky winner will also be able to claim a free copy of every full- price game Ocean release MATCH T over the next twelve months, and when you consider that that’s going to include such delights as TFX r Odyssey, Mr Nutz, Ryder Cup, along with a whole host of others some of which are big name licences, but we’re not allowed to say anything about them at the moment then you can see that this really is a prize worth winning.

Obviously a prize like this deserves to be awarded to an extra special person – someone who can prove they are worthy of such a top freebie. So eyes down, etc. Someone’s take a number of chart-topping games and rearranged the letters. Sort them out for us, would you? Below you’ll find ten intros to ten of this year’s reviews. I Upchurch chomps o – burger and carefully puts wrapper m the bin in his t minded review of Virgin’s plat- form blaster.

Simon Byron has. He’s even good at oi or two of them! Easy, eh? We’ve hand-picked a selection of magazine quotes printed on the back of five Hit Squad games. All you have to do Is match the blurb to the games..

J pictures make the me visually interesting. Nope – there are five subtle differences and all you have to do is tell us which squares they’re in. Ocean movie licence was created DID? Which Ocean game was the sequel to Rainbow Islands? Which Ocean game was a licence of a “atmi film?

Ocean game was a licence of a rton film? Ocean game was a licence of a prehis rg film? Here are fifteen The One-related questions from the past year. Just give the correct answer to each and you’ll be laughing. But what was unusual bout its percentage for sound? I, “If the Amk as to die tomorrow, then the industry would ive a big problem”? One bid a sad farewell to a team mtmbe- ch Who was H?

If no-one gets all the answers right then the winner will be the person to correctly answer the most questions. In the event of two or more readers correctly answering the same number of questions, the winner will be selected randomly. The Editor’s decision is final and no correspondence will be entered into. There is no cash alternative to the prize. Post Code.. Tel: ? Simon Byron has a quick chat The new black box looks nicer. Well, it is cheap, The machine itself is missing a floppy drive – the 1 K internal non-volatile RAM it a pret- ty lousy substitute, especially for a role-playing game.

I was pleased to seethe byte-per- pixel chip, but we didn’t use it as the project was well under way before we were informed about it. Devel- oping a meg game on a meg hard drive was a slog, and modeming 1 megs at a time was a joke. But it was exactly the right game to be translated to a CD- based machine. We were just the first! Above Liberation, the first game to make full use of the CD32 i capabilities, LeftJ Captain Planet, ane of Tonys earlier games, How much development time did this add to the game?

RATT: Lots! The animations needed a CD32 1 6- bit 44KHz stereo soundtrack, with mixed sound effects and speech. The wall-sets had to be drawn and the spent h had to be sampled. The save game had to be packed into IK somehow. We had to develop a control system for the joypad – this probably took the longest to do. That’s just the functions, we then had the problem of writing the code to do all of the above. WYVERN: Yup, the joypad game controller alone has added months to the development time, and probably subtracted months from my life expectancy.

A mouse, a mouse, my kingdom for a mouse. TONY: And that’s just the computer side of it. We had to compose over 30 minutes of full orchestral score. I think Mark Knight did a brilliant job – best game music ever in my opinion, Because it’s on CD and will work in a normal CD player the quality had to be full studio, so we recorded and mixed the whole thing in a profes- sional studio- Then there was the script. Kim Blake wrote more than you get in three full-length movies! And she got the mood just right, We used professional actors for the voices, but even so it took about 10 hours to record a single character.

That got it as far as DAT tape, but then it had to be sampled into the Amiga, Each character ended up taking nearly 10 days and over a thousand sample files, T hen there were the levels to design Dd yau think that moving to the CD32 has resulted in a better game?

Once the public gets used to hearing characters speak and listening to real music, they won’t want to go hack. Although some people argue CD games should be cheaper because they are cheaper to replicate , the public is getting a much better piece of entertainment than a con- sole or floppy game. I think CD games are loads better value than console games. Do you think you’ve used the machine to its full? We use the AA chip set for speed and extra colours. We use the CD drive for storage and 1 6- hit audio.

I think we are the first programmers to have a ten-minute anim with non-stop 1 6-bit audio running at the same time. We didn’t use the double-speed drive because the only place it works reliably is at the edge of the disc.

But the data track has to come first, so if we had padded it to the end of the disc there wouldn’t have been any bit audio. So yes, I think weVe used it to its full. We have more polygons in one object than some games have on-screen, for example I’m interested in the byte- per- pixel chip, though.

Using that could make life both easier and pret- tier. Next time TONY: Well, we wanted more speech, more music, more graphics, more monsters, more sound effects, more level, but the disc is to all intents and purposes full.

So, yes, I guess we did. Did you find it hard adapting to the CD32? The big difference is its disk storage capability. Nine hours of speech requires perhaps ten times that long to sample, and as long again to check. Game development is edging towards Hollywood, with the same sort of teams and wouldn’t it be nice if we had the same sort of budgets, Mindscape! If you could change anything about the CD32, what would it be?

Did Commodore give you any assistance dur- ing development? Much of the help came from some demo material and we just hacked through it. They did come up trumps once I had already solved the problems, at least. TONY: The manual is great for the smallest room! Above and left The original Captive, forerunner to the ground-breaking Liberation, In those days we didn’t have smooth- strolling scenery and CD- quality sound, Oh no, we had to make our own entertainment Do you consider the game to be strong enough to entice Amiga owners to upgrade to the CD32?

RATT: I’ve no idea on how well it will sell, although I do hope enough to get some royalties I think the game itwhat most people would want to see from a CO machine and this gives you the lot. WYVERN: I’d like to think it will sell well, but we’ll have to see Sometimes things just don’t catch the imagination of the buying public, no matter how good they are. I’m quietly confident. So what’s next for you?

Liberation: Captive 3 perhaps? RATT; Christmas and beer and a break from a two-and-a-half year project. There are rumours. Except the beer. We’ve been working our little butts off on this one and the strain is beginning to show. A three-disk game costs about the same as a CD to produce, plus It has the added attraction of no disk swapping and piracy is at a minimum.

Y’ou lead a formation of six Tornados dttp into enemy territory. Terrain following system on. Mission planned to the last detail. Split second timing for a synchronised attack with pin-point accuracy, Discover what real Tornado pilots mean by i “target-rich environment”.

Co it alone or take the squadron – the choice is yours. Alarm nod more! Jeff dropped his last cigarette and watched as it tumbled away, taking forever to reach the concrete below – he would have no such problem. Suddenly a man emerged from a window just metres from where he stood.

His eyes widened “Ally Cod,” he mumbled climbing back into the building, “and to think I nearly missed this”. Back at the station the police congratulated the stranger on saving the man’s life “Don’t thank me” he replied, “It was all down to this month’s Work In Progress”. And of, course, it was. Fairly predictably, Simon Byron brings you part two of our three part exclu- sive and quite literally huge WIP on the sequel that David Upchurch is already describing as “Heimdall 2, isn’t It?

Simon Byron is a hardy gent, and no mistaking, but where would he be without his best adventuring trousers. Core’s follow up to the ever popu- lar Curse Of Enchant id gives him the perfect opportunity to dust his pants down and have a butcher’s. Hurry along now – Simon Byron’s waiting for you. Ged, Jerr and Dave are working on the sequel to Hehmdall. Simon has decided to do a three- part running commentary of the development of the game.

Jerr’s dogs almost gave the dashing young jourrm a sex change when he arrived at Heimdatl 2’s HQ for the first time. Bobby isn’t really dead – instead, he’s re-emerged as Dave’s long-lost half-sister’s daughter. Ged is plotting to shoot Jerr, even though Jerr’s been shot before, Aparrently it’s got some- thing to do with the ratings for this series. What will happen next? And does anybody care? Instead of looking like a series of unrelated screens with not a lot going on in them, it’s now showing a ‘great deal of promise’, as my Headmaster used to say [I think you’ll find that was ‘Git’ actually – Matt.

But before we get down to the nitty gritty, let’s ask Ged how his month has been. We’ve added to the game engine so that most of it’s in there, apart from a few of the combat routines – some enemies run around ran- domly at the moment, hut that will all change. Now we’ll turn our attentions to the room- specific stuff such as the individual puzzles and quests. You often spend time writing more background bits than brand new bits of codes but I think we’ve now reached the stage where the majority of the final game engine is written and waiting to be tweaked.

The background animations have all been imple- mented; doors swing open and com- puter-controlled characters go about their daily business, that kind of thing. Whenever you bump into someone, anything inter- esting they think you should know is displayed on-screen so you can digest what they’ve got to say and gain additional information which should help you complete your vari- ous mini -quests.

I’ve had to optimise things so that it all wouldn’t slow down when there’s a lot of things on-screen. This will change, though. We wrote the story and rough- ly scripted what each character would say during the initial game design but what we’ve found now is that as we continue writing and devel- oping sub-plots, we need to adjust the conversations so it’s very much an on-going process.

That way it’s far more realistic and should add to the game’s continu- ity ” Designing the locations hasn’t been that much of a problem, but the team have had to adhere to strict guidelines, as Jerr begins to explain. Then we’d con- tinually fax each other with new ideas until we came to what would then became the finished location.

Each brOck is sixteen pixels by sixteen pixels The trick is trying to draw them in such a way that they don’t repeat too often,” inter- jects Jerr. Undeterred by Jerr’s interruptions, Ged continues: “Jerr builds up a block file for the whole island, which is haskally a DPaint screen full of indi- vidual ‘jigsaw’ pieces. I then take this file and instruct the program to place certain blocks here, other blocks there, until I’ve rebuilt the original background. It’s time-con- suming, but the memory you save at the end of the day more than makes up for this.

Now I do the reverse: draw the backgrounds on Above All the locations have been designed using a number of pieced- together blocks, although you wouldn’t realise it, would you? This will be another advantage of the CD machines – we’ll be able to use the same amount of colours for almost every format.

I wouldn’t be much use to Jerr is he was having difficulties with some sprite screens. I’m crap at drawing and Jerr’s crap at program- ming. There are also a number if lines which tell the program to initiate the ‘going up stairs’ routine and Heimdall reaches one of these then he’ll move tip a level, So it looks as if he’s moving up the stairs but actually the sprite is just being shifted around the screen.

People will be passive Although there’s nothing going on here. I expect that this is a very important part of Heimdalfs quest. One pf the exit from this room ends in instant death if you attempt to leave through it. For no apparent reason whatsoev- er, Heimdall decides that it would be a good idea to stand on top of a wooden platform. AbOV« I’m not implying anything here, but have you noticed that Jerr always draws his woman with prominent chests?

If this is what the ladies he knows look like then I must remember to start hanging around with him. But on top of that there are other traits like how far they are prepared to go in a fight before they decide to flee.

So by mixing a com- bination of traits you can create a whole range of different characters. It can get very convoluted and with computer characters having varying degrees of intelligence it may be a hard game to playtest. The problem with our own testers is that they can get too close to the game and may not attempt the things that gamers may try when they’re play ing. There are loads of things you wouldn’t even think of to check. With any luck, by the time we” Me finished chatting to the team, the game will be all but fin- ished, with only a few game play aspects missing.

We might be able to catch a few words with the musician and maybe take a sneaky peek at the packaging. Exciting stuff, eh? Explaining the plot of the Wizard of Oz to your dad again. Politely ignoring granny’s wind problems. Core Design’s Curse Of Enchantia was reasonably well-received. Simon Byron asks the team responsible if their sequel will do somewhat better. I’m about to let you, the reader, in on an area of this industry that is never normally seen by Outiide eyes.

This system is able to display Universe’s digitised hand-painted scenes and their detailed, mood-setting background animations to full effect. For that we have to go to the programmers of Universe, Core’s follow-up to Curse Of Enchantia, deep in the heart of Derby. The actual storyline has nothing at all to do with Curse Of Enchantia. Rolf Moor developed the original storyline ages ago, so he had most of the plot worked out before we started- Since then it’s been like an ongoing process, with changes happening as we go along.

If we can’t do certain things we’ll alter the way the story works to fit in with what we can do. Boris is a chap stranded in the future after messing around with his eccentric uncle George’s experiments and inventions every good lad should have a mad professor for an uncle – The Virtual Dimension Inducer contained the kind of buttons,, switches and knobs that inspire fond memories in grown men of those far-off days in the Sci- ence Museum as a lad.

What boy could resist? Not Boris, it seems, and so he finds himself spinning through time and space, landing on a barren asteroid in a parallel universe. From there the quest takes him and, naturally enough, you into a bitter alien war between the evil tyrant Nelamises and the mysterious Mekalien Empire.

Says Gary: “Rolf did the original plan for the game, hut it’s all changed quite a bit as we’ve gone through it, The trouble is, although the game is going to be released on the Amiga and PC, it was developed primarily for PC. Rolf Moor background graphics : Martin Iverson music. The storyline has had to be changed as it’s gone through. We’ve got the main character scaling on the Amiga but to run the game sufficiently we can’t get all the other characters to “In Jihe original storyline you met up with a character who then became your ally and followed you through the game.

We had to take him out because we just didn’t have the memory to scafe both the main Beautiful brilliant, dazzling, glit- tering, gorgeous, magnificent, rav- ishing, resplendent, splendid, stunning and sumptuous. That’s how my thesaurus might describe some of the graphics in Universe, Gary describes th«m like this. We then scan the paintings in on a flatbed scanner on a PC, usually in x mode sq that it’s really hi- res- Then we scale it down to colours for the Amiga version, run it through the SPAC converter and 1 you have a background- then we get on to the animations for the background and then we do the background sprites.

We have to do the back- grounds before we can do the sprites because the background defines the palette that the sprites can use. Still, nothinq ready major has changed as far as the gaitieplay gees, just a few tweaks to the sto- ryline to make it viable. It has up to colours running at one time. But we had to convert it to the Amiga using only 24 colours for the backgrounds plus the eight colours of the main character. What we’ve got for Universe is six- teen colours for the main character and up to colours on top of that for the backgrounds.

The only prob- lem this causes is that it limits the artists doing the other sprites for each screen. They have to draw them from the set background palette. In no Pirate! Left Conversations are now possible thanks to the inclu- sion of text.

From here it’s headfirst into an inter- galactic war and hiiarre alien landscapes. Notice the main character, Boris. Then we scanned him in, shrunk him Oowfir pushed him about and so on. Ha is in fact the background artist, Rolf.

Most objects were just a couple of pixels and all conversa- tions were done using icons. None of it felt very real to Gary, “Where- as in Enchantia you might see a coin on a table that had to be picked up and used later on in the game, you wouldn’t actually know it was a coin other than the fact that a couple of pixels flashed.

Now you can actually go up to the coin, look at it, pick it up and examine what’s on it. The problem with the icons in Curse was that it was hard getting the defini- tion into such a small space on the screen.

It was difficult to get them to look like the things they were sup- posed to be. Also, according to Gary, it will have cinematic music that follows the action on screen, changing according to the situation. Sounds pretty sumptuous if you ask me.

There’s still one question that’s been unanswered, though. Just what is S. The only problem is the Amiga doesn’t have shades, so when you take a screen from the PC and convert it to the standard Amiga you lose some of those shades.

Our artist kept say- ing that it kept ‘spacing’ our pic- tures, hence it was christened SPAC mode. Rolf did come up with art acronym for it: Super Pre-Adjusted Colour. It was nothing to do with me, though, I just wrote the program,” Those program- mers, eh? Simon Byron was the only one of us cool enough to check out his exploits on the Amiga.

Of course, this is a mere bagatelle to the console industry Of much greater concern than mere teenage angst is the performance of Virgin’s Cool Spot, This is not, as you might think, the area of their office that contains the refrigera- tor, but the rather snazzy platform rompery that has been received with much joy and vigour on the Sega Megadrive.

John Twiddy of Jaguar Software Consultants is no stranger to Stylish platform games having been one half of the team that put together the astounding First Samurai as well as being the man behind the conversion of Global Gladiators – also by the same American pro- grammer, Dave Perry and it is upon his shoulders that the task of converting has fallen with a stag- gering thud.

J ‘Mev Dine and I were doing Vivid Image Design until a year ago and I think the experience of First Samurai took so long that’s It’s quite a refreshing change just to do some conversions,” says John, You don’t get a lot of freedom doing straight port-overs though, surely? Ultimately it would be quite nice to do certain things in your own cer- tain ways, to leave your own mark on the thing. In this case he fires little balls of car bon cited gas at all and sundry.

Spot’s energy is depicted by the slowly peeling spot in the top left corner Occasionally a bad guy will offer up a spot-restoring potion to heal the sore, There are a couple of things that could have been slightly better like the scrolling speed and maybe some of the backgrounds but play ability wise it’s perfect.

T5 John Roberts, Cool Spot’s producer. Let’s face facts, it’s another colour- ful platform game with an implausi- ble plot Doesn’t Twiddy think there’s room for something a hit deeper with this genre?

It’s just such a cute character,” The task of moving a game from a console to computer isn’t an easy An agile chap, Cool doesn’t just jump from one part of the screen to the other – that wouldn’t be nearly stylish enough. If you push up while walking. Cool takes off into a triple forward somersault, landing with grace, style, poise and in the jaws of a waiting villain usually. The animation in Cool Spot is superb, with every part of Cool’s body being used to perform each of his actions.

When he jumps, he jumps with gusto. Especially when, like Twiddy, you’re constantly being moved your- self from one project to another. However we didn’t actually have the contract to do Aladdin at that point and since it didn’t look like we’d get it all ready before Christmas, John was moved back on to doing Cool Spot and asked to get it out before Christmas.

We’ve got it as close as possible and there are only a few small differ- ences. Instead of a red plane, for instance, there’ll be a blue plane because of the palette. Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, 3 3t. Matematicas y NAturales; Caracas. ERP correlates of letter identity and letter position are modulated by lexical frequency. The encoding of letter position is a key aspect in all recently proposed models of visual-word recognition.

We analyzed the impact of lexical frequency on letter position assignment by examining the temporal dynamics of lexical activation induced by pseudowords extracted from words of different frequencies. For each word e. ERPs were recorded while participants read words and pseudowords in two tasks: Semantic categorization Experiment 1 and lexical decision Experiment 2. Behavioral responses in the lexical decision task paralleled this asymmetry.

The present findings impose constraints on computational and neural models of visual-word recognition. The letter knowledge assessment tool. There is a need to develop letter knowledge assessment tools to characterise the letter knowledge in Portuguese pre-schoolers and to compare it with pre-schoolers from other countries, but there are no tools for this purpose in Portugal. This study includes data that has been gathered in two phases: pilot and main study.

In the pilot study, an expert panel of six speech and language pathologists analysed the instrument. Content validity, internal consistency, reliability and contributing factors to performance were examined statistically. A modified Bland-Altman method revealed good agreement amongst evaluators.

Significant differences were found between age groups with children increasing their letter knowledge with age. In addition, they were better at identifying than at producing both letter names and letter sounds. We examined the effects of letter -transposition in Hebrew in three masked-priming experiments. Experiment 1 showed that…. Inform ed space. Letter Dice. Technical Note No. Letter and syllable dice devised for a project in rural Ecuador provide inexpensive, easily reproducible learning materials for practice in basic literary skills.

Eleven wooden cubes with six letters on each cube are cast onto a surface and the player constructs words from the letters on the top side of the dice. After a word is formed and…. Letter to the parliament:. This piece was a letter directed towards various ministers in the parliament, targeted at raising a discussion on the values in the education of architects in Denmark and various related topics Resource Letter : GW Global warming.

This Resource Letter provides a guide to the literature on the possibility of a human-induced climate change—a global warming. Journal articles and books are cited for the following topics: the Greenhouse Effect, sources of infrared-trapping gases, climate models and their uncertainties, verification of climate models, past climate changes, and economics, ethics, and politics of policy responses to climate change.

The letter I, for intermediate level, indicates material of somewhat more specialized nature, and the letter A indicates rather specialized or advanced material. Implied reading direction and prioritization of letter encoding. Capacity limits hinder processing of multiple stimuli, contributing to poorer performance for identifying two briefly presented letters than for identifying a single letter.

Higher accuracy is typically found for identifying the letter on the left, which has been attributed to a right-hemisphere dominance for selective attention. Here, we use rapid serial visual presentation RSVP of letters in two locations at once. The letters to be identified are simultaneous and cued by rings. In the first experiment, we manipulated implied reading direction by rotating or mirror-reversing the letters to face to the left rather than to the right.

The left-side performance advantage was eliminated. Again consistent with an effect of implied reading direction, performance was better for the top position in the downward condition, but not in the upward condition. In both experiments, mixture modeling of participants’ report errors revealed that attentional sampling from the two locations was approximately simultaneous, ruling out the theory that the letter on one side was processed first, followed by a shift of attention to sample the other letter.

Thus, the orientation of the letters apparently controls not when the letters are sampled from the scene, but rather the dynamics of a subsequent process, such as tokenization or memory consolidation. Implied reading direction appears to determine the letter prioritized at a high-level processing bottleneck. Independent priming of location and color in identification of briefly presented letters.

Attention shifts are facilitated if the items to be attended remain the same across trials. Some researchers argue that this priming effect is perceptual, whereas others propose that priming is postperceptual, inv olv ing f acilitated response selection. The experimental f indings hav e not been All stimulus presentation contingencies were randomized, and responses were unspeeded, to av oid ef f ects of observ er expectation and postperceptual ef f ects.

The ef f ects The results argue for a strong perceptual component in priming, which biases selection toward recent target features and positions, showing that perceptual mechanisms are suf f icient to produce priming In some circumstances, a letter or other written form of communication to the contractor may be adequate postaward Early on during word recognition, letter positions are not accurately coded.

Evidence for this comes from transposed- letter TL priming effects, in which letter strings generated by transposing two adjacent letters e. New Ed F’s three challenges. Ed F will have also to face the new European situation: a strained market, several consolidations to come and many competitors to deal with. Ed F has to re-launch its production tool and to reinforce its interconnection capacities if it wants to stay the number one of power exports in Europe.

The integration of Edison company Italy by Ed F gives access to new gas capacities but other resources have to be found if Ed F wants to enlarge its gas offer. A new concentration era is foreseen in Europe and Ed F will have to seize the economic growth opportunities in particular in Europe and China. Launch of Zoological Letters.

A new open-access journal, Zoological Letters , was launched as a sister journal to Zoological Science, in January The new journal aims at publishing topical papers of high quality from a wide range of basic zoological research fields.

This review highlights the notable reviews and research articles that have been published in the first year of Zoological Letters , providing an overview on the current achievements and future directions of the journal. In this article, we use the medium of a narrative dialogue to represent and re-examine our reflective letter -writing method.

The dialogue draws attention to key features of reflective letter -writing as a collaborative autoethnographic research method and, in so doing, highlights and explores the nature, potential significance, and challenges of this method. Our discussion points to the value of a collaborative process of reflective letter -writing as a way for researchers to access and portray emotional aspects of their research experience, to deepen their engagement with these emotional dimensions, and to gain insight into their own and others’ lived research experiences.

Stated objectives are to enable students to type a mailable letter ; to inspect,…. Full Text Available Starting from the hypothesis that printed word identification initially involves the parallel mapping of visual features onto location-specific letter identities, we analyze the type of information that would be involved in optimally mapping this location-specific orthographic code onto a location-invariant lexical code.

We assume that some intermediate level of coding exists between individual letters and whole words, and that this involves the representation of letter combinations. We then investigate the nature of this intermediate level of coding given the constraints of optimality.

This intermediate level of coding is expected to compress data while retaining as much information as possible about word identity. Information conveyed by letters is a function of how much they constrain word identity and how visible they are.

Optimization of this coding is a combination of minimizing resources using the most compact representations and maximizing information. We show that in a large proportion of cases, non-contiguous letter sequences contain more information than contiguous sequences, while at the same time requiring less precise coding.

Moreover, we found that the best predictor of human performance in orthographic priming experiments was within-word ranking of conditional probabilities, rather than average conditional probabilities. We conclude that from an optimality perspective, readers learn to select certain contiguous and non-contiguous letter combinations as information that provides the best cue to word identity.

Writing More Informative Letters of Reference. Third, the letter Phenomenon: Fourth-year medical students obtain Department of Medicine DOM letters “Chair” letters to support their residency applications. Writing and interpreting DOM letters are challenging. There is heterogeneity in the letters that makes it difficult to both write and read these letters. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of new guidelines developed by a task force of clerkship directors and program directors in internal medicine and assess the implementation of these guidelines.

The Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine performed a cross-sectional survey of internal medicine clerkship directors at U. In addition, the primary author’s institution reviewed 1, DOM letters between and to assess the implementation of these guidelines. DOM letter writers reported the guidelines were better, easier to implement, and more compatible with the purpose of DOM letters than previously.

Most letter readers reported that letters using the guidelines were more credible. Writers of DOM letters in lower academic ranks rated the letters with guidelines higher in several domains than those in higher academic ranks.

Readers of DOM letters in higher academic ranks rated the letters with guidelines higher in several domains than those in lower academic ranks. In the DOM letters examined, the odds of meeting each guideline increased with each additional year. However, for 3 guidelines there was an initial decline in adherence from to before increasing again in the recommended length, clerkship description, and detailed narrative guidelines.

Letters solely written by a chair were less likely to incorporate the guidelines. Insights: Clerkship directors often write the DOM letters and identify with the purpose of the guidelines. As writers, lower ranking academic faculty value the guidelines more than higher ranking academic faculty. As readers of DOM letters. Maritime Geo-Fence Letter Report. Johnson Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. July Report No. The role of sensorimotor learning in the perception of letter -like forms: tracking the causes of neural specialization for letters.

Functional specialization in the brain is considered a hallmark of efficient processing. It is therefore not surprising that there are brain areas specialized for processing letters. To better understand the causes of functional specialization for letters , we explore the emergence of this pattern of response in the ventral processing stream through a training paradigm. Previously, we hypothesized that the specialized response pattern seen during letter perception may be due in part to our experience in writing letters.

The work presented here investigates whether or not this aspect of letter processing-the integration of sensorimotor systems through writing-leads to functional specialization in the visual system. To test this idea, we investigated whether or not different types of experiences with letter -like stimuli “pseudoletters” led to functional specialization similar to that which exists for letters.

Neural activation patterns were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI before and after three different types of training sessions. Participants were trained to recognize pseudoletters by writing, typing, or purely visual practice. Results suggested that only after writing practice did neural activation patterns to pseudoletters resemble patterns seen for letters. That is, neural activation in the left fusiform and dorsal precentral gyrus was greater when participants viewed pseudoletters than other, similar stimuli but only after writing experience.

Neural activation also increased after typing practice in the right fusiform and left precentral gyrus, suggesting that in some areas, any motor experience may change visual processing. The results of this experiment suggest an intimate interaction among perceptual and motor systems during pseudoletter perception that may be extended to everyday letter perception.

Describes a three-part assignment in which each student writes a complaint letter and an adjustment letter responding to another student’s complaint letter. Discusses how the third part of the assignment–journal entries–allows students to formulate their own criteria for excellent letters based upon their reactions to the letters they receive.

Characterising non-urgent users of the emergency department ED : A retrospective analysis of routine ED data. The pressures of patient demand on emergency departments EDs continue to be reported worldwide, with an associated negative impact on ED crowding and waiting times. It has also been reported that a proportion of attendances to EDs in different international systems could be managed in settings such as primary care.

This study used routine ED data to define, measure and profile non-urgent ED attendances that were suitable for management in alternative, non-emergency settings. A validated process based definition of non-urgent attendance was refined for this study and applied to the data. Using summary statistics non-urgent attenders were examined by variables hypothesised to influence them as follows: age at arrival, time of day and day of week and mode of arrival. Odds ratios were calculated to compare non-urgent attenders between groups.

There were 3,, first time attendances to EDs , of which , were defined as non-urgent Alternative services are required to manage non-urgent demand, currently being borne by the ED and the ambulance service, particularly in out of hours. Publication of the inspection follow-up letters of the ASN on its site web asn. The ASN carries out about inspections every year which concern the French nuclear facilities, the central services of nuclear operators or of their suppliers, and the transports of nuclear materials.

Each inspection is followed by a follow-up letter which mentions all anomalies noticed during the inspection and eventually asks for some remedial actions or for some complements of information. This document brings together the letters published between february and May and concerning the on-site inspections of nuclear facilities Ed F nuclear power plants, CEA centers, Cogema facilities, other sites and the off-site inspections Andra, transports of nuclear materials.

Examines how metadiscourse is used to create a positive corporate image in CEOs’ letters , showing how CEOs use nonpropositional material to realize rational, credible, and affective appeals. Reveals the essentially rhetorical nature of CEOs’ letters by comparing the frequency and distribution of metadiscourse in their letters and directors’…. EDS operator and control software. Major topics discussed in this paper are the EDS operator interface SHELL program, the data acquisition and analysis scheduling software, and the graphics software.

The workstation concept used in EDS , the software used to configure a user’s workstation, and the ownership and management of a diagnostic are described. An EDS diagnostic is a combination of hardware and software designed to study specific aspects of the process. Overall system performance is discussed from the standpoint of scheduling techniques, evaluation tools, optimization techniques, and program-to-program communication methods. EDS is based on a data driven design which keeps the need to modify software to a minimum.

This design requires a fast and reliable data base management system. The benefits derived by using HP hardware and software as well as obstacles imposed by the HP environment are presented in relation to EDS development and implementation.

A very lively woman of fashion, she was close to Queen Charlotte and one of the Bluestocking Ladies. She left a vivid portrait of life and society in eighteenth century England and Ireland in the six volumes of her Autobiography and Letters , edited in by her descendant Lady Llanover.

Her autobiography is made up of 18 letters sent to her most intimate friend, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Portland. The first letter is dated , but in this, as in the following ones, Mrs. Delany narrates her past life to her friend, starting from the early years of her life, describing her unhappy marriage, financial difficulties as a widow, and family relationships.

Delany is dealing with. The aim of this paper is to focus on the textual, linguistic and content differences between the two letter types, and analyse how the identity of Mary Delany is differently constructed and perceived in the explicit autobiographical letters addressed to the Duchess of Portland, and the ones written to her sister. If you are an educator creating a course for ed X or a corporate trainer using Open ed X for large-scale learning and development initiatives, then ed X E-Learning Course Development is the ideal book for you.

Letters of reference are commonly used in acquiring a job in education. Despite serious issues of validity and reliability in writing and evaluating letters , there is a dearth of research that systematically examines the evaluation process and defines the constructs that define high quality letters.

The current study used NVivo to examine …. Sixty-Minute Review of Letter Writing. The article describes a one-hour presentation which provides a basic stereotyped pattern of letter organization for the four types of letters order, request, claim, and reply the business of secretarial student is most likely to have to write.

The four paragraphs of the pattern are: purpose, explanation, optional, and closing. An extension of the tabulation of this history, which first appeared on the EDS website, is given in the attached PDF. It is with sadness that we note one of the founders of the series, Prof. It has become a tradition to make an award in his name, and this year it was made to Ivan Isacov for his poster “Electrical levels of dislocation networks in p- and n-type silicon”.

A short and warm celebration of Prof. Dr Alexander’s life by his friends and colleagues, Prof. The conference was a forum for the state-of-the-art of investigation and modelling of extended defects in semiconductors. Scientists from universities, research institutes and industry made contributions to a deeper understanding of extended defects, their interaction with point defects and their role in the development of semiconductor technology. The remit of the conference included extended defects, nanostructures, nanoparticles, quantum dots and interfaces within semiconducting materials ranging from narrow to wide band gaps, including graphene-derived materials and diamond.

Scientific interests range from defect geometry, electronic structure, dynamics, spectroscopy, microscopy, reactions and chemistry to introduction mechanisms, such as implantation and strained layers and the operation of devices such as integrated circuits, heterostructures, and solar cells. The organisers were confronted with a long period between. Calcolo scientifico esercizi e problemi risolti con Matlab e Octave.

Esso affronta tutti gli argomenti tipici della Matematica Numerica, spaziando dal problema di risolvere sistemi di equazioni lineari e non lineari a quello di approssimare una funzione, di calcolare i suoi minimi, le sue derivate ed il suo integrale definito fino alla risoluzione di equazioni differenziali ordinarie e alle derivate parziali con metodi alle differenze finite ed agli elementi finiti.

Un capitolo iniziale conduce lo studente ad un rapido ripasso degli argomenti dell’Analisi Matematica e dell’Algebra Lineare di uso frequente nel volume e ad una introduzione ai linguaggi MATLAB e Octave.

Al fine di rendere maggiormente incisiva la presentazione e fornire un riscontro quantitativo immediato alla teoria vengono implementati in linguaggio MATLAB e Octave tutti gli algoritmi che via via si introducono.

Vengono inoltre proposti numerosi esercizi, tutti risolti per esteso, ed esempi, anche con riferimento ad applicazioni in Ed F: high tension s metamorphosis. Electricite de France, the French electric utility, has to face a formidable mutation. The deregulation of the power market will lead to a social, commercial, judicial, financial and international ‘big-bang’.

The company has been weakened by disappointing results and by an embarrassing running into debts. This dossier analyzes the consequences of the deregulation of the French power market on the future evolution of Ed F. It includes the analysis made by a French economist, E. Cohen, an interview and a portrait of F. Roussely, head of Ed F, a presentation of Easenergy, a start-up of Ed F which makes partnerships with US energy-related companies, the worries of Ed F’s employees and the redistribution of the syndicates power inside the company, the controversy around Ed F’s results and the points that remained in the shade, Ed F’s European competitors and the progressive opening of the French power market, EDF’s production tool and its availability 58 nuclear reactors, hydroelectric power plants and 26 thermal power plants , the costly foreign markets strategy of Ed F and the under-capitalization of the company.

Initial and noninitial name- letter preferences as obtained through repeated letter rating tasks continue to reflect different aspects of self-esteem. We tested the usefulness of name- letter preference scores as indirect indicators of self-esteem by exploring whether multiple unsupervised self-administrations of letter rating tasks within a short period of time yield useful data.

We also examined whether preferences for initials and noninitial name- letters tap different aspects of self-esteem. They also completed a trait self-esteem questionnaire on the first measurement day as well as 6 months later.

Preference scores for first-name initials were stronger but more unstable than preference scores for other name- letters. Preferences for first-name initials were primarily associated with directly measured state self-esteem whereas preferences for noninitials were primarily associated with directly measured trait self-esteem even if the latter was measured 6 months later.

Thus, we showed that preferences for initials and noninitials are not simply interchangeable. Previous letter rating studies, which almost exclusively used initial preferences, should be interpreted in terms of state rather than trait self-esteem. In future studies, researchers should focus on the name- letter preference that reflects the aspect of self-esteem they wish to address.

Advice letter on policy instruments renewable electricity. In a letter of July the Energy Council made recommendations for a policy framework with more obligations and fewer subsidies.

This included the Energy Council’s advice to investigate whether the introduction of a supplier obligation could play a major role in the realisation of the CO2 emission target of the Netherlands and increase the share of renewable energy in line with European agreements.

This advice letter deals with one aspect of the broader considerations: the share of renewable electricity and the kind of incentive framework that is needed to achieve the target concerned. This letter closes with conclusions and recommendations. From minding your Ps and Qs to wondering why X should mark the spot, Alphabetical is a book for everyone who loves words and language.

Whether it’s how letters are arranged on keyboards or Viking runes, textspeak or zip codes, this book will change the way you think about letters for ever. How on Earth did we fix upon our twenty-six letters , what do they really mean, and how did we come to write them down in the first place? Michael Rosen takes you on an unforgettable adventure through the hi Full Text Available Abstract The intensity of emotion and fluctuation of meaning in the poet’s mind causes him to go beyond the ordinary language and convey intellectual and emotional meanings through metaphors, similes and linguistic preparations.

He has sharp eyes and a sensitive spirit and creative temperament and attempts strengthening his own literary language and creating personal style by inventing novel images, showing the creativity and imagination and entering in various arenas of imagination. This point more than anything else could be done by presenting images and new figures.

Perhaps in the sixth century, and especially in Azerbaijani school, more than other periods, poets have been looking for creating innovative style in eloquence. Their major attempts were mainly in imaging, a wide field that they have competed. It is obvious that in this illustration the alphabet letters would be very helpful. Khaghani’s Divan of poetry, as one of the greatest poets of this school, is the perfect poetical book of paintings in which meaning has been hidden under a delicate pattern and new different scientific, cultural and religious images.

Letters are a broad range of elements that put a new field in front of the poet and he is aware of the potential features of the letters , new images, and artistic creativity techniques as well.

Letter have a double and even multiple application in Khaghani’s poetic works divan and moreover the construction of words and conveying meaning which is the real and common usage, they were used as artistic instruments. Letter position coding across modalities: the case of Braille readers. The question of how the brain encodes letter position in written words has attracted increasing attention in recent years. A number of models have recently been proposed to accommodate the fact that transposed- letter stimuli like jugde or caniso are perceptually very close to their base words.

Here we examined how letter position coding is attained in the tactile modality via Braille reading. The idea is that Braille word recognition may provide more serial processing than the visual modality, and this may produce differences in the input coding schemes employed to encode letters in written words.

We found a word-frequency effect for words. In addition, unlike parallel experiments in the visual modality, we failed to find any clear signs of transposed- letter confusability effects.

This dissociation highlights the differences between modalities. The present data argue against models of letter position coding that assume that transposed- letter effects in the visual modality occur at a relatively late, abstract locus. Digit and letter alexia in carbon monoxide poisoning. This study examined a year-old patient with delayed encephalopathy, who was admitted to hospital with complaints of headache and visual impairment 1 week after acute carbon monoxide poisoning.

The results of a visual field assessment, electroencephalography and head magnetic resonance imaging indicated damage to the cerebral cortex. After a 2-week treatment period, the patient had recovered from the visual impairment, but exhibited digit- and letter -reading difficulty. The Chinese aphasia battery and the number and letter battery supplement were conducted. The results revealed that the patient exhibited digit and letter alexia, while the ability to read Chinese characters was preserved.

In contrast, the patient exhibited a deficit in Chinese character writing, while number and letter writing remained intact. Following treatment, reading and writing ability was improved and electroencephalographic abnormalities were ameliorated. Overall, our experimental findings demonstrated that delayed encephalopathy following acute carbon monoxide poisoning was characterized by digit and letter alexia.

In discussing letter -writing methods for business communication classes, the article explains that claim letter formats other than the direct approach are not only legitimate, but also effective, and suggests that the approach selected should depend upon the circumstances surrounding the claim.

Culture and subculture in transactional letter writing. We examined the letters accompanying articles initially submitted for publication by 26 NSE and 23 NNSE academics, and compared them with ef Particles and nuclei, letters. Full Text Available The question of how the brain encodes letter position in written words has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Experimental test of contemporary mathematical models of visual letter recognition.

A letter confusion experiment that used brief durations manipulated payoffs across the four stimulus letters , which were composed of line segments equal in length. The observers were required to report the features they perceived as well as to give a letter response. The early feature-sampling process is separated from the later letter -decision process in the substantive feature models, and predictions are thus obtained for the frequencies of feature report as well as letter report.

Four substantive visual feature-processing models are developed and tested against one another and against three models of a more descriptive nature. The substantive models predict the decisional letter report phase much better than they do the feature-sampling phase, but the best overall 4 X 4 letter confusion matrix fits are obtained with one of the descriptive models, the similarity choice model.

The present and other recent results suggest that the assumption that features are sampled in a stochastically independent manner may not be generally valid. The traditional high-threshold conceptualization of feature sampling is also falsified by the frequent reporting by observers of features not contained in the stimulus letter. CERN Multimedia. The purpose of the joint project beteween CERN and EDS is to carry out research and development in the field of monitoring, management and operation of grid services.

Full Text Available Background: Fibronectin seems to play a very important role in the progression and invasion of bladder cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the mRNA of fibronectin in transitional carcinoma cells TCC of bladder to study these domains. Methods: A total of 20 patients with known bladder cancer were studied.

Two of them excluded since their excised tissues were not enough for both the pathological examination and RNA study. Another 20 control group were normal volunteers who needed bladder operations. Results: For the first time, we present the expression of the oncofetal fibronectin mRNA in the transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. None of the normal volunteers expressed the oncofetal extra domains. The evidence for the effectiveness of the first letter mnemonic technique is confused.

There are at least three studies showing no effect, and one where an improvement in recall occurred. Reports two experiments which attempted to locate the conditions under which the first letter mnemonic is effective. Extra-large letter spacing improves reading in dyslexia. Although the causes of dyslexia are still debated, all researchers agree that the main challenge is to find ways that allow a child with dyslexia to read more words in less time, because reading more is undisputedly the most efficient intervention for dyslexia.

Sophisticated training programs exist, but they typically target the component skills of reading, such as phonological awareness. After the component skills have improved, the main challenge remains that is, reading deficits must be treated by reading more—a vicious circle for a dyslexic child.

Here, we show that a simple manipulation of letter spacing substantially improved text reading performance on the fly without any training in a large, unselected sample of Italian and French dyslexic children. Extra-large letter spacing helps reading, because dyslexics are abnormally affected by crowding, a perceptual phenomenon with detrimental effects on letter recognition that is modulated by the spacing between letters. Extra-large letter spacing may help to break the vicious circle by rendering the reading material more easily accessible.

Letters of reference are widely used as an essential part of the hiring process of newly licensed teachers. While the predictive validity of these letters of reference has been called into question it has never been empirically studied.

The current study examined the predictive validity of the quality of letters of reference for forty-one student…. Teaching letter sounds to kindergarten English language learners using incremental rehearsal. Proficiency in letter -sound correspondence is important for decoding connected text.

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This study provides descriptive information about how university students fresh and final year use the various social networking platforms. Suresh Upparapalli. Oh, it’s so slow and horrible!

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The bitmap font support is there to speed up things for PostScript users – they would use the bitmap font on screen because it draws itself faster than the Compugraphic equivalent, but at output time it is the PostScript font of the same name built into the PostScript device, or downloaded to the PostScript file that gets used, which again is quicker than rendering a Compugraphic font. The most important of these two files is the. BITS has been providing courses for working professionals in distance education mode leveraging technology. However only questionnaires were received back. Philip Chung Cheltenham Yes, and in your last paragraph you hit the nail firmly on the head. It also includes commonly used serological tests, mycological and viral culture and identification technique. Particles and Nuclei, Letters. The findings of this study give a better insight about the financial planning challenges facing the ESP projects with the aim of tackling them effectively in future. Dividing attention across multiple words occasionally results in misidentifications whereby letters apparently migrate between words. Like PageStream, you need to buy another package, only this time there’s no hotlink available.❿
 
 

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